Figure 8.

Carboplatin poorly penetrates three-dimensional ovarian cancer nodules as revealed by a ring of dead cells (ethidium bromide - red) surrounded by a largely intact cluster of live cells (calcein - green) following carboplatin treatment (top image and graph). BPD-PDT disrupts the nodule structure, and may potentiate carboplatin therapy and enable increased therapeutic efficacy in deep tissue because of increased tumor cell surface area exposure to follow up chemotherapeutics (bottom image and graphs). Figure adapted from Rizvi et al ¹⁸⁵.