TABLE 1.
Description of the cohort (n = 3338)1
| Mean (95% CI) |
|||
| Missing,2 % | Observed3 | Imputed4 | |
| Vitamin A treatment arm,5 % | |||
| Maternal treatment–infant treatment | 0.0 | 25.1 (23.6, 26.5) | — |
| Maternal treatment–infant placebo | 0.0 | 24.4 (23.0, 25.9) | — |
| Maternal placebo–infant treatment | 0.0 | 24.9 (23.4, 26.3) | — |
| Maternal placebo–infant placebo | 0.0 | 25.6 (24.1, 27.1) | — |
| Maternal age, y | 0.2 | 24.2 (24.0, 24.3) | — |
| Maternal education, y | 0.1 | 9.7 (9.7, 9.8) | — |
| Maternal height, cm | 30.5 | 160.1 (159.8, 160.4) | 160.1 (159.8, 160.4) |
| Maternal MUAC, cm | 0.6 | 25.9 (25.8, 26.0) | — |
| Cesarean delivery, % | 1.0 | 8.5 (7.5, 9.5) | — |
| Time since last birth,6 y | 0.9 | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | — |
| Children, n | 0.0 | 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) | — |
| Parity, % | |||
| Primiparous | 0.0 | 49.7 (48.0, 51.4) | — |
| Multiparous (2–3) | 0.0 | 37.5 (35.8, 39.1) | — |
| Multiparous (≥4) | 0.0 | 12.8 (11.7, 14.0) | — |
| Paternal education, y | 2.2 | 10.6 (10.6, 10.7) | — |
| Infant sex, M, % | 0.1 | 51.9 (50.2, 53.6) | — |
| Gestational age, wk | 0.8 | 39.3 (39.3, 39.4) | — |
| Term and AGA, % | 0.8 | 74.9 (72.8, 75.8) | — |
| Preterm and AGA, % | 0.8 | 5.3 (4.5, 6.0) | — |
| Term and SGA, % | 0.8 | 19.4 (18.0, 20.7) | — |
| Preterm and SGA, % | 0.8 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.4) | — |
| Birth length, cm | 1.1 | 48.4 (48.3, 48.5) | — |
| Birth weight, g | 0.3 | 2995 (2980, 3010) | — |
| Birth weight <2500 g, % | 0.3 | 12.4 (11.3, 13.6) | — |
| Time until first breastfeeding, h | 2.8 | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | — |
| Breastfeeding,7 % | |||
| None | 0.0 | 38.6 (37.0, 40.3) | — |
| Exclusive | 0.0 | 2.6 (2.1, 3.1) | — |
| Partial | 0.0 | 15.3 (14.1, 16.5) | — |
| Mixed | 0.0 | 43.4 (41.8, 45.1) | — |
| Clinic visits/infant by age in mo,8 n | |||
| Birth to 6 | ND | 1.14 (1.10, 1.17) | — |
| 6–12 | ND | 0.81 (0.78, 0.84) | — |
| 12–18 | ND | 0.60 (0.57, 0.62) | — |
| 18–24 | ND | 0.31 (0.29, 0.33) | — |
| Hospital admissions/infant by age in mo,8 n | |||
| Birth to 6 | ND | 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) | — |
| 6–12 | ND | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | — |
| 12–18 | ND | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | — |
| 18–24 | ND | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | — |
| WLZ, by age in mo | |||
| Birth | 8.2 | −0.40 (−0.46, −0.35) | — |
| 6 | 27.4 | 0.43 (0.36, 0.48) | — |
| 12 | 45.5 | 0.08 (0.02, 0.13) | — |
| 18 | 50.5 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | — |
| 24 | 65.4 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | — |
| LAZ, by age in mo | |||
| Birth | 1.7 | −0.62 (−0.66, −0.58) | −0.62 (−0.66, −0.58) |
| 6 | 27.1 | −0.75 (−0.79, −0.70) | −0.73 (−0.77, −0.68) |
| 12 | 45.5 | −1.03 (−1.09, −0.98) | −1.02 (−1.15, −0.88) |
| 18 | 50.5 | −1.33 (−1.39, −1.28) | −1.31 (−1.37, −1.25) |
| 24 | 65.3 | −1.42 (−1.49, −1.36) | −1.38 (−1.69, −1.07) |
| Stunted,9 by age in mo, % | |||
| Birth | 1.7 | 11.8 (10.7, 12.9) | 11.7 (10.6, 12.8) |
| 6 | 27.1 | 14.0 (12.6, 15.4) | 13.6 (12.3, 14.9) |
| 12 | 45.5 | 19.0 (17.2, 20.8) | 19.1 (16.0, 22.2) |
| 18 | 50.5 | 26.8 (24.7, 28.9) | 26.2 (23.9, 28.5) |
| 24 | 65.3 | 29.3 (26.7, 31.9) | 28.8 (20.0, 37.7) |
AGA, appropriate for gestational age; LAZ, length-for-age z score; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; ND, not determined; SGA, small for gestational age; WLZ, weight-for-length z score.
Missing data from 12 to 24 mo of follow-up were predominantly the result of administrative censorship because of economic constraints in June 2000.
Original data set.
Pooled across 50 imputed data sets.
In the Zimbabwe Vitamin A for Mothers and Babies trial, mother-infant pairs were randomly assigned ≤96 h after birth to 1 of 4 treatment groups as follows: maternal treatment [vitamin A supplementation (400,000 IU)], maternal placebo, infant treatment [vitamin A supplementation (50,000 IU)], and infant placebo. Full details of the trial have been published elsewhere (27, 28).
In multiparous mothers.
Detailed feeding information was collected from mothers at infant birth and 6 wk and 3 mo of age including whether any of 22 liquids (water, juice, tea, and cooking oil), milks (formula, fresh, and tinned), medicines (traditional, oral rehydration solution, and prescribed), or solid foods (porridge, sadza, fruit, vegetables, meat, and eggs) had been given to the infant. Breastfeeding was defined as exclusive, predominant, or mixed at 3 mo of age according to previously published definitions (31).
Total numbers of clinic visits or hospital admissions were collected from health facility records. The extent to which these data were missing from health-facility records could not be determined.
LAZ <−2.