. 2016 Nov 9;104(6):1647–1656. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.137356

TABLE 4.

Comparisons of micronutrient intakes, assessed by food record at 7.5 y of age, with United Kingdom RNI and LRNI by longitudinally defined picky eating type at ages 2–5.5 y in a subsample of ALSPAC children¹

		Children below RNI or LRNI, %
				High
				Early onset
	Recommendation, EAR, or RNI	Never	Low	Nonpersistent	Persistent	Late onset
n		1350	3134	279	403	100
United Kingdom RNI² (39)
REs		28.7^a	33.9^b	36.6^a,b,c	40.7^b,c	52.0^c
Niacin	6.6 mg NEs/4.2 MJ	13.0^a	18.0^b	17.9^a,b	21.3^b	21.0^a,b
Iron	8.7 mg/d	57.3^a	63.0^b	64.5^a,b	66.0^b	66.0^a,b
Zinc	7 mg/d	69.1^a	75.2^b	80.3^b	81.4^b	80.3^b
Selenium	30 μg/d	4.8^a	6.7^a,b	9.7^b,c	8.4^a,b,c	14.0^c
United Kingdom LNRI³ (39)
REs	250 μg REs/d	2.8^a	4.0^a,c	4.7^a,b	7.2^b	9.0^b,c
Niacin	4.4 mg NEs/4.2 MJ	1.0^a	1.5^a,b	1.8^a,b	3.0^b	4.0^a,b
Iron	4.7 mg/d	1.1^a	1.5^a,c	3.2^a,c	4.2^b	5.0^b,c
Zinc	4 mg/d	5.9^a	8.8^b	10.4^a,b,c	9.2^a,b,c	19.0^c
Selenium	16 μg/d	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.2	1.0

Bonferroni correction (z tests) was used for column proportion comparisons. Values in the same row without a common superscript letter are significantly different, P < 0.05; rows with no letters have no significant differences between values. Picky eating scores (longitudinal) were assessed with the use of a questionnaire and were defined as follows: 0, not choosy; 1, quite choosy; and 2, very choosy. The responses for singletons were scored 0–2. The overall prevalence of picky eating for children aged 2, 3, 4.5, and 5.5 y was calculated from the number of cases that reported a picky eating score of 2 at ≥2 time points. Early-onset picky eating was defined as the first report of picky eating (score of 2) occurring at the age of 2 or 3 y; late-onset picky eating was defined as the first report of picky eating (score of 2) occurring at the age of 4.5 or 5.5 y. Persistent picky eating was defined as a score of 2 at the first and/or second time points and then a score of 2 at both the third and fourth time points. Vitamin D was not included because the recommended daily intake is 0 μg/d. ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; EAR, estimated average requirement; LRNI, lower reference nutrient intake; NE, niacin equivalent; PE, picky eating; RNI, reference nutrient intake.

Intake above which will almost certainly be adequate (2 notional SDs above EAR).

Intake below which will almost certainly be inadequate for most individuals (2 notional SDs below EAR).