TABLE 2.
Twenty-four-hour ambulatory and clinic blood pressure at baseline (week 0) and postintervention (week 8) for whey protein, calcium-caseinate, and control interventions1
| Whey protein |
Calcium caseinate |
Control |
||||||||
| Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | P2 | |
| 24-h SBP, mm Hg | 130.0 ± 2.2 | 127.1 ± 2.3 | −2.9 ± 1.1a | 129.7 ± 2.0 | 130.3 ± 2.6 | 0.6 ± 1.7a,b | 129.5 ± 2.3 | 130.5 ± 2.3 | 1.0 ± 1.1b | 0.041 |
| Day SBP, mm Hg | 134.2 ± 2.2 | 131.3 ± 2.4 | −2.8 ± 1.2a | 133.7 ± 2.2 | 135.4 ± 2.7 | 1.7 ± 1.7b | 133.4 ± 2.2 | 134.8 ± 2.4 | 1.3 ± 1.2a,b | 0.027 |
| Night SBP, mm Hg | 115.2 ± 2.4 | 112.2 ± 2.5 | −3.3 ± 1.5 | 115.5 ± 2.4 | 113.6 ± 3.0 | −2.0 ± 2.5 | 114.7 ± 2.3 | 115.7 ± 2.4 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.110 |
| 24-h DBP, mm Hg | 78.9 ± 1.5 | 76.9 ± 1.5 | −2.0 ± 0.7a | 78.6 ± 1.3 | 79.0 ± 1.6 | 0.3 ± 1.0a,b | 78.0 ± 1.5 | 78.4 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6b | 0.039 |
| Day DBP, mm Hg | 81.9 ± 1.6 | 79.8 ± 1.6 | −2.1 ± 0.8a | 81.6 ± 1.5 | 82.8 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 1.1b | 80.8 ± 1.5 | 81.5 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 0.7a,b | 0.027 |
| Night DBP, mm Hg | 68.0 ± 1.5 | 66.2 ± 1.5 | −1.8 ± 0.8 | 67.4 ± 1.6 | 66.1 ± 1.8 | −1.3 ± 1.5 | 67.2 ± 1.5 | 67.7 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.086 |
| Clinic SBP, mm Hg | 132.1 ± 2.1 | 127.9 ± 2.0 | −4.2 ± 1.3a | 129.3 ± 2.0 | 128.4 ± 2.0 | −0.9 ± 1.5a,b | 130.2 ± 2.2 | 130.9 ± 2.2 | 0.7 ± 1.4b | 0.035 |
| Clinic DBP, mm Hg | 76.7 ± 1.6 | 74.6 ± 1.5 | −2.1 ± 0.8 | 74.9 ± 1.6 | 73.6 ± 1.7 | −1.3 ± 0.8 | 74.8 ± 1.5 | 75.2 ± 1.8 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.100 |
| Clinic PP, mm Hg | 55.5 ± 1.6 | 53.3 ± 1.3 | −2.2 ± 1.1 | 54.4 ± 1.9 | 54.8 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 55.4 ± 1.6 | 55.7 ± 1.5 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.061 |
All values are means ± SEMs. n = 38. Baselines were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from one another except for 24-h SBP and DBP and day DBP. Different superscript letters within a row refer to treatment groups different from one another (P ≤ 0.05). DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Δ change from baseline.
Overall between-group treatment effects for each Δ were obtained with the use of a linear mixed-model ANOVA with baseline values for the variable of interest and prognostic values such as age, sex, and BMI. Tukey-Kramer correction was used for the post hoc analysis to adjust for multiple testing.