TABLE 3.
Vascular measurements at baseline (week 0) and postintervention (week 8) for whey protein, calcium-caseinate, and control interventions1
| Whey protein |
Calcium caseinate |
Control |
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| Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | P2 | |
| Endothelial function | ||||||||||
| %FMD | 4.79 ± 0.3 | 5.38 ± 0.4 | 0.59 ± 0.2a | 4.83 ± 0.3 | 4.94 ± 0.3 | 0.11 ± 0.2a | 4.79 ± 0.3 | 4.07 ± 0.3 | −0.72 ± 0.2b | <0.001 |
| Arterial stiffness | ||||||||||
| Assessed by PWA | ||||||||||
| Augmentation index at 75 beats/min, % | 17.6 ± 2.2 | 17.0 ± 2.2 | −0.6 ± 0.8 | 18.2 ± 2.3 | 17.1 ± 2.4 | −1.0 ± 0.8 | 18.2 ± 2.3 | 17.2 ± 2.1 | −1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.946 |
| Peripheral SP, mm Hg | 132.3 ± 2.2 | 127.5 ± 2.0 | −4.8 ± 1.4a | 129.1 ± 2.0 | 129.0 ± 2.0 | −0.1 ± 1.4a,b | 130.1 ± 2.2 | 131.0 ± 2.2 | 0.9 ± 1.4b | 0.007 |
| Peripheral DP, mm Hg | 76.6 ± 1.5 | 74.7 ± 1.5 | −1.9 ± 0.8 | 74.7 ± 1.6 | 73.7 ± 1.6 | −1.0 ± 0.8 | 74.7 ± 1.5 | 75.3 ± 1.8 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.096 |
| Peripheral MP, mm Hg | 95.9 ± 2.0 | 92.5 ± 2.0 | −3.4 ± 0.9a | 94.1 ± 1.8 | 92.9 ± 1.9 | −1.2 ± 1.0a,b | 94.3 ± 1.8 | 94.6 ± 2.0 | 0.3 ± 0.9b | 0.032 |
| Central SP, mm Hg | 121.7 ± 2.5 | 116.7 ± 2.3 | −5.0 ± 1.3a | 118.6 ± 2.3 | 117.9 ± 2.3 | −0.7 ± 1.3a,b | 119.2 ± 2.4 | 119.6 ± 2.6 | 0.4 ± 1.3b | 0.011 |
| Central DP, mm Hg | 77.7 ± 1.6 | 75.6 ± 1.5 | −2.1 ± 0.8 | 75.8 ± 1.7 | 74.8 ± 1.7 | −1.0 ± 0.8 | 75.8 ± 1.5 | 76.4 ± 1.8 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.094 |
| Central MP, mm Hg | 96.6 ± 1.8 | 93.3 ± 1.7 | −3.3 ± 0.8a | 94.1 ± 1.8 | 93.4 ± 1.8 | −0.7 ± 0.9a,b | 94.2 ± 1.8 | 94.9 ± 2.0 | 0.7 ± 1.0b | 0.023 |
| Assessed by DVP | ||||||||||
| Stiffness index, m/s | 7.53 ± 0.4 | 7.42 ± 0.4 | −0.11 ± 0.3 | 8.01 ± 0.4 | 7.92 ± 0.4 | −0.09 ± 0.2 | 7.59 ± 0.4 | 7.55 ± 0.4 | −0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.542 |
| Reflection index, % | 62.1 ± 2.9 | 66.2 ± 2.6 | 4.1 ± 2.3 | 65.0 ± 2.3 | 65.3 ± 2.7 | 0.3 ± 1.9 | 64.7 ± 2.4 | 64.7 ± 2.5 | 0.01 ± 1.6 | 0.515 |
| PPT, m/s | 246.5 ± 10.0 | 249.1 ± 9.9 | 2.6 ± 9.3 | 233.1 ± 10.5 | 235.2 ± 10.0 | 2.1 ± 5.2 | 244.2 ± 10.4 | 242.9 ± 9.5 | −1.3 ± 8.6 | 0.463 |
All values are means ± SEMs. n = 38 (except for FMD and DVP, for which n = 36). Baselines were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from one another except for peripheral DP and MP and central DP. Different superscript letters within a row refer to treatment groups differing from one another, P ≤ 0.05. DP, diastolic pressure; DVP, digital volume pulse; FMD; flow-mediated dilation; MP, mean pressure; PPT, peak to peak; PWA, pulse-wave analysis; SP, systolic pressure; Δ change from baseline; %FMD, flow-mediated dilatation percentage.
Overall between-group treatment effects for each Δ were obtained with the use of linear mixed-model ANOVA with baseline values for the variable of interest and prognostic values such as age, sex, BMI. Tukey-Kramer correction was used for the post hoc analysis to adjust for multiple testing.