TABLE 5.
Reported nutrient intake at baseline (week 0) and postintervention (week 8) for whey protein, calcium-caseinate and control interventions1
| Whey protein |
Calcium caseinate |
Control |
||||||||
| Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | P2 | |
| Energy, MJ/d | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | −0.09 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.4 | −0.46 ± 0.3 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 0.50 ± 0.4 | 0.149 |
| Total fat, % of TE | 34.6 ± 1.0 | 32.2 ± 1.2 | −2.4 ± 0.8 | 34.8 ± 1.2 | 31.8 ± 1.1 | −3.0 ± 0.9 | 35.2 ± 1.2 | 32.3 ± 1.2 | −2.9 ± 1.1 | 0.906 |
| SFA, % of TE | 12.9 ± 0.6 | 12.7 ± 0.8 | −0.2 ± 0.6 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 11.7 ± 0.7 | −0.7 ± 0.4 | 13.4 ± 0.6 | 12.2 ± 0.7 | −1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.391 |
| MUFA, % of TE | 11.7 ± 0.5 | 10.8 ± 0.4 | −1.0 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.5 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | −1.1 ± 0.4 | 12.3 ± 0.6 | 11.0 ± 0.5 | −1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.981 |
| n–6 PUFA, % of TE | 4.81 ± 0.2 | 4.11 ± 0.2 | −0.70 ± 0.2 | 5.22 ± 0.4 | 4.23 ± 0.2 | −0.99 ± 0.3 | 4.58 ± 0.3 | 4.37 ± 0.3 | −0.21 ± 0.3 | 0.464 |
| n–3 PUFA, % of TE | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.6 | 0.84 ± 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.6 | 0.74 ± 0.1 | 0.71 ± 0.1 | −0.03 ± 0.6 | 0.495 |
| Total PUFA, % of TE | 5.59 ± 0.3 | 5.04 ± 0.3 | −0.55 ± 0.4 | 6.06 ± 0.4 | 4.81 ± 0.3 | −1.24 ± 0.4 | 5.32 ± 0.3 | 5.08 ± 0.3 | −0.24 ± 0.4 | 0.456 |
| trans Fat, % of TE | 0.88 ± 0.1 | 0.90 ± 0.1 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.97 ± 0.1 | 0.95 ± 0.1 | −0.02 ± 0.1 | 1.00 ± 0.1 | 0.97 ± 0.1 | −0.03 ± 0.1 | 0.972 |
| Protein, % of TE | 16.0 ± 0.5 | 24.4 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 0.8a | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 24.4 ± 0.7 | 8.5 ± 0.6a | 16.2 ± 0.6 | 15.2 ± 0.6 | −1.00 ± 0.6b | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates, % of TE | 49.4 ± 1.3 | 44.0 ± 1.2 | −5.5 ± 1.0a | 49.7 ± 1.4 | 43.7 ± 1.4 | −6.0 ± 1.3a | 48.5 ± 1.7 | 54.8 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 1.9b | <0.001 |
| Alcohol, % of TE | 3.02 ± 0.7 | 2.60 ± 0.5 | −0.42 ± 0.5 | 2.59 ± 0.6 | 2.76 ± 0.6 | 0.18 ± 0.4 | 3.20 ± 0.7 | 2.48 ± 0.7 | −0.72 ± 0.6 | 0.066 |
| Dietary fiber (AOAC), g/d | 22.6 ± 1.4 | 20.1 ± 1.2 | −2.49 ± 1.1 | 23.0 ± 1.4 | 20.5 ± 1.2 | −2.56 ± 0.8 | 21.3 ± 1.1 | 20.4 ± 1.3 | −0.92 ± 0.9 | 0.399 |
| Sodium, g/d | 3.18 ± 0.2 | 3.12 ± 0.2 | −0.07 ± 0.2 | 3.37 ± 0.2 | 2.81 ± 0.2 | −0.57 ± 0.2 | 3.57 ± 0.5 | 2.95 ± 0.2 | −0.62 ± 0.5 | 0.215 |
| Potassium, g/d | 5.22 ± 1.2 | 5.21 ± 1.2 | −0.01 ± 0.2 | 4.54 ± 0.7 | 4.71 ± 0.9 | 0.17 ± 0.4 | 4.10 ± 0.6 | 4.80 ± 0.9 | 0.70 ± 0.8 | 0.582 |
| Calcium, g/d | 1.06 ± 0.1 | 1.19 ± 0.1 | 0.13 ± 0.1b | 1.09 ± 0.1 | 1.57 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.1a | 0.97 ± 0.1 | 1.00 ± 0.1 | 0.03 ± 0.1b | <0.001 |
All values are means ± SEMs. n = 38. Data were log transformed for alcohol intake. Baselines were not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from one another. Different superscript letters within a row refer to treatment groups different from one another (P ≤ 0.05). AOAC, Association of Official Analytic Chemists; TE, total energy; Δ change from baseline.
Overall between-group treatment effects for each Δ were obtained with the use of a linear mixed-model ANOVA with baseline values for the variable of interest and prognostic values such as age, sex, and BMI. Tukey-Kramer correction was used for the post hoc analysis to adjust for multiple testing.