TABLE 5.

Mean cognitive scores by group at pretest (baseline) and posttest

	Choline			Placebo			Analyses, P
	n	Mean ± SD	Cohen’s d	n	Mean ± SD	Cohen’s d	Main effect of group	Main effect of time	Interaction
Paired Associates Learning			−0.17			−0.23	0.78	0.02	0.73
Pretest	29	37.7 ± 49.95		26	36.6 ± 53.14
Posttest	28	29.3 ± 48.64	23	26.0 ± 38.59
Design Fluency			0.28			0.21	0.39	0.01	0.31
Pretest	29	16.1 ± 7.99		24	15.9 ± 7.71
Posttest	28	18.5 ± 9.36	22	17.5 ± 7.68
Spatial Working Memory total errors			−0.14			−0.37	0.99	0.01	0.31
Pretest	29	59.6 ± 12.99		26	62.0 ± 18.81
Posttest	28	57.5 ± 15.87	23	54.7 ± 20.84
Spatial Working Memory strategy			0.36			−0.08	0.20	0.59	0.32
Pretest	29	37.4 ± 2.62		26	37.2 ± 3.56
Posttest	28	38.4 ± 2.86	23	36.9 ± 4.13
Quotient ADHD1 Accuracy			0.07			0.05	0.24	0.97	0.72
Pretest	27	64.8 ± 12.60		22	70.3 ± 12.69
Posttest	23	65.7 ± 11.71	20	70.9 ± 12.93
Grooved Pegboard			−0.21			−0.41	0.75	0.01	0.92
Pretest	29	0.90 ± 1.52		25	1.1 ± 2.14
Posttest	27	0.57 ± 1.66	22	0.37 ± 1.30

¹ADHD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.