TABLE 2.
Association between dietary fiber and periodontal disease status in the US adult population, NHANES 2009–20121
| Moderate-severe3 vs. mild-none (logistic) modeling |
None/mild-moderate/severe4 (multinomial logistic) modeling |
|||
| Covariates2 | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted5 | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted5 |
| Dietary fiber, quartile | ||||
| 1st (lowest) | 1.62 (1.30, 2.04) | 1.30 (1.00, 1.69) | 1.58 (1.26, 1.98) | 1.27 (1.00, 1.62) |
| 2nd | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.33) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.50) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.38) |
| 3rd | 1.09 (0.88, 1.36) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.92 (1.67, 2.21) | 2.32 (1.99,2.71) | 2.09 (1.77, 2.47) | 2.47 (2.12, 2.89) |
| Age, y | ||||
| 40–49 | 1.98 (1.53, 2.57) | 2.67 (1.97, 3.61) | 1.84 (1.45, 2.32) | 2.45 (1.94, 3.10) |
| 50–64 | 3.53 (2.83, 4.40) | 6.09 (4.63, 8.00) | 2.82 (2.29, 3.47) | 4.64 (3.71, 5.80) |
| ≥65 | 6.61 (5.02, 8.72) | 14.1 (9.63, 20.6) | 4.44 (3.53, 5.57) | 8.63 (6.42, 11.6) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.94 (1.47, 2.57) | 2.17 (1.48, 3.19) | 2.22 (1.71, 2.88) | 2.28 (1.68, 3.09) |
| Hispanic | 1.78 (3.50, 5.34) | 2.24 (1.67, 3.02) | 2.06 (1.59, 2.66) | 2.42 (1.83, 3.19) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 3.71 (3.00, 4.60) | 2.42 (1.77, 3.31) | 3.65 (3.07, 4.34) | 2.08 (1.62, 2.66) |
| Graduated from high school | 2.21 (1.71, 2.85) | 1.69 (1.31, 2.19) | 2.32 (1.89, 2.84) | 1.74 (1.45, 2.09) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Former | 1.83 (1.55, 2.16) | 1.48 (1.20, 1.82) | 1.66 (1.37, 2.01) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.72) |
| Current | 3.79 (3.19, 4.52) | 4.53 (3.31, 6.21) | 3.89 (3.38, 4.48) | 3.98 (3.17, 4.99) |
| Poverty status | ||||
| <130% federal poverty guidelines | 2.18 (1.78, 2.66) | 1.41 (1.10, 1.82) | 2.32 (1.95, 2.77) | 1.45 (1.17, 1.81) |
| Tooth count, n | ||||
| 1–10 | 4.71 (3.10, 7.15) | 1.40 (0.83, 2.38) | 3.41 (2.66, 4.36) | 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) |
| 11–19 | 4.59 (3.65, 5.77) | 1.97 (1.46, 2.66) | 4.33 (3.53, 5.32) | 2.03 (1.64, 2.52) |
1
Values are ORs (95% CIs).
2
Reference for covariates: 4th quartile for dietary fiber, women, age 30–39 y, non-Hispanic white, some college, nonsmoker, ≥130% federal poverty guidelines, having ≥20 teeth, and 4th quartile for fiber.
3
Moderate-severe periodontal disease (reference level is mild/no periodontal disease).
4
Mild-moderate periodontal disease and severe periodontal disease (reference level is no periodontal disease).
5
Adjusted for all covariates.