TABLE 3.
Association between whole grains and periodontal disease status in the US adult population, NHANES 2009–20121
| Moderate-severe3 vs. mild-none (logistic) modeling |
None/mild-moderate/severe4 (multinomial logistic) modeling |
|||
| Covariates2 | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted5 | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted5 |
| Whole grains, quartile | ||||
| 1st (lowest) | 1.39 (1.10, 1.75) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.45) | 1.63 (1.31, 2.03) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.62) |
| 2nd | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.41) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) |
| 3rd | 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.92 (1.67, 2.21) | 2.23 (1.91, 2.60) | 2.09 (1.77, 2.47) | 2.38 (2.02, 2.79) |
| Age, y | ||||
| 40–49 | 1.98 (1.53, 2.57) | 2.68 (1.99, 3.61) | 1.84 (1.45, 2.32) | 2.48 (1.95, 3.14) |
| 50–64 | 3.53 (2.83, 4.40) | 6.06 (4.66, 7.89) | 2.82 (2.29, 3.47) | 4.67 (3.76, 5.80) |
| ≥65 | 6.61 (5.02, 8.72) | 14.3 (9.81, 20.7) | 4.44 (3.53, 5.57) | 8.90 (6.62, 12.0) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.94 (1.47, 2.57) | 2.22 (1.51, 3.26) | 2.22 (1.71, 2.88) | 2.30 (1.70, 3.13) |
| Hispanic | 1.78 (1.34, 2.35) | 2.19 (1.63, 2.93) | 2.06 (1.59, 2.66) | 2.34 (1.77. 3.08) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 3.71 (3.00, 4.60) | 2.40 (1.73, 3.34) | 3.65 (3.07, 4.34) | 2.05 (1.58, 2.65) |
| Graduated from high school | 2.21 (1.71, 2.85) | 1.71 (1.31, 2.24) | 2.32 (1.89, 2.84) | 1.75 (1.46, 2.11) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Former | 1.83 (1.55, 2.16) | 1.48 (1.21, 1.82) | 1.66 (1.37, 2.07) | 1.39 (1.14, 1.71) |
| Current | 3.79 (3.19, 4.52) | 4.54 (3.35, 6.17) | 3.89 (3.38, 4.48) | 3.95 (3.18, 4.90) |
| Poverty status | ||||
| <130% federal poverty guidelines | 2.18 (1.78, 2.66) | 1.43 (1.11, 1.85) | 2.32 (1.95, 2.77) | 1.45 (1.17, 1.80) |
| Tooth count, n | ||||
| 1–10 | 4.71 (3.10, 7.15) | 1.43 (0.85, 2.41) | 3.41 (2.66, 4.36) | 1.13 (0.79, 1.63) |
| 11–19 | 4.59 (3.65, 5.77) | 2.02 (1.50, 2.73) | 4.33 (3.53, 5.32) | 2.08 (1.68, 2.58) |
1
Values are ORs (95% CIs).
2
Reference for covariates: 4th quartile for whole grains, women, age 30–39 y, non-Hispanic white, some college, nonsmoker, ≥130% federal poverty guidelines, and having ≥20 teeth.
3
Moderate-severe periodontal disease (reference level is mild-no periodontal disease).
4
Mild-moderate periodontal disease and severe periodontal disease (reference level is no periodontal disease).
5
Adjusted for all covariates.