TABLE 5.
Association between fruit and vegetables (excluding potatoes and starchy vegetables) and periodontal disease status in the US adult population, NHANES 2009–20121
| Moderate-severe3 vs. mild-none (logistic) modeling |
None/mild-moderate/severe4 (multinomial logistic) modeling |
|||
| Covariates2 | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted5 | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted5 |
| Fruit and vegetables,6 quartile | ||||
| 1st (lowest) | 1.52 (1.15, 2.00) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | 1.60 (1.25, 2.06) | 1.23 (0.95, 1.60) |
| 2nd | 1.25 (0.96, 1.61) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.50) | 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.53) |
| 3rd | 1.27 (0.96, 1.67) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.61) | 1.16 (0.88, 1.52) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.92 (1.67, 2.21) | 2.27 (1.94, 2.65) | 2.09 (1.77, 2.47) | 2.42 (2.07, 2.83) |
| Age, y | ||||
| 40–49 | 1.98 (1.53, 2.57) | 2.67 (1.98, 3.60) | 1.84 (1.45, 2.32) | 2.47 (1.95, 3.12) |
| 50–64 | 3.53 (2.83, 4.40) | 6.06 (4.72, 7.78) | 2.82 (2.29, 3.47) | 4.66 (3.76, 5.77) |
| ≥65 | 6.61 (5.02, 8.72) | 14.1 (9.86, 20.3) | 4.44 (3.53, 5.57) | 8.72 (6.51, 11.7) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.94 (1.47, 2.57) | 2.22 (1.50, 3.29) | 2.22 (1.71, 2.88) | 2.32 (1.69, 3.18) |
| Hispanic | 1.78 (1.34, 2.35) | 2.22 (1.66, 2.96) | 2.06 (1.59, 2.66) | 2.39 (1.82, 3.14) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 3.71 (3.00, 4.60) | 2.41 (1.76, 3.29) | 3.65 (3.07, 4.34) | 2.07 (1.63, 2.64) |
| Graduated from high school | 2.21 (1.71, 2.85) | 1.69 (1.29, 2.20) | 2.32 (1.89, 2.84) | 1.74 (1.44, 2.10) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Former | 1.83 (1.55, 2.16) | 1.48 (1.20, 1.83) | 1.66 (1.37, 2.01) | 1.39 (1.14, 1.71) |
| Current | 3.79 (3.19, 4.52) | 4.54 (3.31, 6.21) | 3.89 (3.38, 4.48) | 3.97 (3.17, 4.98) |
| Poverty status | ||||
| <130% federal poverty guidelines | 2.18 (1.78, 2.66) | 1.44 (1.10, 1.87) | 2.32 (1.95, 2.77) | 1.47 (1.16, 1.85) |
| Tooth count, n | ||||
| 1–10 | 4.71 (3.10, 7.15) | 1.43 (0.85, 2.41) | 3.41 (2.66, 4.36) | 1.12 (0.78, 1.61) |
| 11–19 | 4.59 (3.65, 5.77) | 2.00 (1.48, 2.70) | 4.33 (3.53, 5.32) | 2.06 (1.67, 2.54) |
1
Values are ORs (95% CIs).
2
Reference for covariates: 4th quartile for fruits and vegetables, women, age 30–39 y, non-Hispanic white, some college, nonsmoker, ≥130% federal poverty guidelines, and having ≥20 teeth.
3
Moderate-severe periodontal disease (reference level is mild-no periodontal disease).
4
Mild-moderate periodontal disease and severe periodontal disease (reference level is no periodontal disease).
5
Adjusted for all covariates.
6
Fruit and vegetables do not include potatoes or starchy vegetables.