TABLE 5.

Postabsorptive liver metabolite abundances (ranked highest to lowest by percentage difference) in male mice fed a 45%-fat diet with or without an ETWB supplement for 10 wk¹

				P4
Metabolite2	Control	ETWB	Percentage difference (ETWB relative to control)3	MWU	MWU-FDR	VIP5
Carbohydrates
Gluconic acid	521 ± 59	400 ± 67	−23	0.07	0.35	1.35
1,5-Anhydroglucitol	2350 ± 199	1744 ± 95	−26	0.0130	0.19	1.11
Glucose	692,000 ± 29,800	512,000 ± 30,800	−26	0.0000	<0.0001	1.72
Galactonic acid	586 ± 50	421 ± 63	−28	0.0210	0.22	1.73
Xylitol	2440 ± 245	1680 ± 183	−31	0.0410	0.30	1.24
Cellobiotol	104,000 ± 5690	66,000 ± 8290	−37	0.0010	0.0450	1.73
Maltose	404,000 ± 22,100	254,000 ± 33,500	−37	0.0020	0.06	1.72
Ribonic acid	1820 ± 310	1000 ± 227	−45	0.0610	0.35	1.19
Lactobionic acid	25,900 ± 6520	12,400 ± 4710	−52	0.01	0.13	1.52
Ribitol	1490 ± 431	708 ± 232	−53	0.06	0.34	1.20
Lipids
β-Hydroxybutyric acid (3-hydroxybutanoic acid)	1250 ± 107	1560 ± 1410	25	0.1150	0.43	1.45
5b-Cholestanol	505 ± 39	428 ± 41	−15	0.2130	0.56	1.11
Myristic acid	2610 ± 156	2200 ± 125	−16	0.0670	0.35	1.07
Isoheptadecanoic acid	4640 ± 217	3880 ± 316	−16	0.0620	0.35	1.29
1-Monostearin	623 ± 53	493 ± 37	−21	0.0740	0.35	1.38
Palmitic acid	67,500 ± 4715	52,800 ± 6540	−22	0.0610	0.35	1.11
Oleic acid	18,800 ± 3430	12,700 ± 3340	−33	0.2020	0.55	1.04
Arachidonic acid	17,100 ± 2540	9600 ± 2046	−44	0.0330	0.27	1.17
Nitrogenous
Aspartic acid	6650 ± 1490	9430 ± 1250	42	0.07	0.35	1.40
2-Aminoadipic acid	464 ± 56	646 ± 57	39	0.0160	0.20	1.51
γ-Glutamyl-valine	186 ± 19	169 ± 17	−9	0.44	0.70	1.08
Alanine	715,000 ± 21,500	629,000 ± 23,300	−12	0.0100	0.17	1.51
Threonine	13,700 ± 1060	11,800 ± 857	−13	0.20	0.55	1.07
Phenylalanine	6320 ± 644	5450 ± 465	−14	0.35	0.65	1.09
Leucine	39,700 ± 3070	33,300 ± 2420	−16	0.15	0.46	1.15
Proline	18,700 ± 1400	15,700 ± 1070	−16	0.12	0.43	1.17
Tyrosine	29,300 ± 2330	23,500 ± 2100	−20	0.09	0.39	1.04
Ornithine	12,300 ± 1180	10,200 ± 1100	−21	0.11	0.42	1.38
Tryptophan	7070 ± 244	5500 ± 242	−22	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.91
Methionine	3530 ± 431	2730 ± 407	−23	0.20	0.55	1.13
Inosine 5′-monophosphate	5670 ± 573	4160 ± 474	−27	0.0450	0.31	1.13
N-acetylmannosamine	617 ± 28	449 ± 31	−27	0.0010	0.05	1.67
Glutamylthreonine	1300 ± 65	937 ± 70	−28	0.0020	0.06	1.65
Nicotinamide	24,600 ± 1665	17,400 ± 1170	−29	0.0020	0.06	1.14
Allantoic acid	2540 ± 314	1690 ± 221	−33	0.0450	0.31	1.12
Xanthine	9110 ± 799	5750 ± 703	−37	0.0070	0.14	1.49
Asparagine	4860 ± 470	3050 ± 291	−37	0.0030	0.08	1.67
Inosine	32,200 ± 2630	19,700 ± 2060	−39	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.43
Hypoxanthine	23,600 ± 3270	13,900 ± 2650	−41	0.0290	0.26	1.13
Uracil	5060 ± 666	2920 ± 404	−42	0.0190	0.22	1.29
Flavin adenine dinucleotide	420 ± 60	239 ± 32	−43	0.0190	0.22	1.26
Cytidine-5′-diphosphate	6350 ± 949	3590 ± 787	−43	0.0190	0.22	1.17
Uridine	2010 ± 334	1100 ± 139	−45	0.0080	0.15	1.63
Glutathione	2200 ± 716	545 ± 107	−75	0.0150	0.20	1.33
Other
Inositol-4-monophosphate	462 ± 24	424 ± 34	−8	0.27	0.61	1.20
2-Hydroxyglutaric acid	2060 ± 130	1730 ± 165	−16	0.07	0.35	1.16
Pantothenic acid	1100 ± 102	918 ± 124	−17	0.20	0.55	1.34
Idonic acid	1310 ± 70	961 ± 45	−27	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.86
α-Tocopherol	1770 ± 197	1180 ± 100	−33	0.0370	0.29	1.38

¹Values are means ± SEMs, n = 15/group. Only annotated metabolites that had mean bootstrapped VIP measurements ≥1 are presented. Nonannotated metabolites are not shown for the sake of brevity but are provided in Supplemental Table 4. ETWB, enzyme-treated wheat bran; FDR, false discovery rate; MWU, Mann-Whitney U test; VIP, variable importance in projection.

²Metabolite abundances reported in quantifier ion peak height in the 0.5-μL extract derived from 4 mg liver tissue.

³Percentage difference = [(ETWB − control)/control] × 100.

⁴Group comparisons were assessed by MWUs. P values were adjusted for FDR correction. Significance was set at an adjusted P value ≤0.05.

⁵VIP was calculated from bootstrapped partial least-squares-discriminant analysis models derived from training data (n = 10 mice/group).