TABLE 4.

Postabsorptive plasma metabolite abundances (ranked highest to lowest by percentage difference) in male mice fed a 45%-fat diet with or without HAMRS2 supplementation for 10 wk¹

				P4
Metabolite2	Control	HAMRS2	Percentage difference (HAMRS2 relative to control)3	MWU	MWU-FDR	VIP5
Carbohydrates
Sorbitol	1160 ± 123	1450 ± 113	25	0.0140	0.20	1.23
2-Deoxyerythritol	5210 ± 316	6490 ± 526	25	0.09	0.40	1.15
Fructose	6140 ± 817	7580 ± 548	24	0.09	0.40	1.26
Ribose	76 ± 8	93 ± 8	23	0.19	0.56	1.18
1,5-Anhydroglucitol	13,100 ± 690	9710 ± 264	−26	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.62
Nitrogenous
Glutamine	40,400 ± 2600	50,600 ± 2000	25	0.0010	0.08	1.43
N-methylalanine	6580 ± 478	8070 ± 245	23	0.0120	0.20	1.54
Urea	427,000 ± 94,600	467,000 ± 48,500	9	0.98	1.00	1.39
Lactamide	407 ± 35	361 ± 22	−11	0.33	0.67	1.11
Aspartic acid	1700 ± 155	1480 ± 78	−13	0.25	0.62	1.10
Nicotinamide	570 ± 35	458 ± 13	−20	0.0140	0.20	1.59
Lipids
β-Sitosterol	292 ± 52	403 ± 49	38	0.13	0.48	1.63
Pelargonic acid	5240 ± 540	7080 ± 246	35	0.0040	0.17	1.47
Capric acid	1060 ± 105	1330 ± 48	25	0.06	0.35	1.24
Palmitoleic acid	1540 ± 111	1280 ± 98	−17	0.2010	0.58	1.17
Octadecanol	246 ± 21	183 ± 11	−26	0.0150	0.20	1.19
Other
Malonic acid	2650 ± 289	3660 ± 437	38	0.10	0.44	1.16
3-Hydroxybutanoic acid	13,380 ± 1113	18,200 ± 2826	36	0.11	0.45	1.42
Benzoic acid	5020 ± 484	6460 ± 257	29	0.0230	0.22	1.33
Glyceric acid	2050 ± 139	2380 ± 78	16	0.06	0.35	1.17
2-Hydroxybutanoic acid	9040 ± 769	10470 ± 825	16	0.22	0.59	1.64
Threonic acid	2850 ± 206	3300 ± 82	16	0.0450	0.31	1.36
2-Ketoisocaproic acid	2540 ± 175	2920 ± 159	15	0.0460	0.31	1.64
2-Deoxyisotetronic acid	3470 ± 259	3980 ± 139	15	0.06	0.35	1.36
Isothreonic acid	607 ± 33	676 ± 29	12	0.16	0.51	1.25
2,3-Dihydroxybutanoic acid	247 ± 13	262 ± 11	6	0.33	0.67	1.14
Fumaric acid	3471 ± 182	3247 ± 260	−7	0.31	0.65	1.10
Pyruvic acid	16,900 ± 1294	12,900 ± 915	−23	0.0290	0.25	1.76

¹Values are means ± SEMs; n = 15 in the control group, n = 14 in the HAMRS2 group. Only annotated metabolites with mean bootstrapped VIP measurements ≥1 are presented. Nonannotated metabolites are not shown for the sake of brevity but are provided in Supplemental Table 2. FDR, false discovery rate; HAMRS2, high-amylose-maize resistant starch type 2; MWU, Mann-Whitney U; VIP, variable importance in projection.

²Metabolite abundances are reported in quantifier ion peak heights in the 0.5-μL extract derived from 15 μL plasma.

³Percentage difference = [(HAMRS2 − control)/control] × 100.

⁴Group comparisons were assessed by Mann-Whitney U tests. P values were adjusted for false discovery rate correction. Significance was set at an adjusted P value ≤ 0.05.

⁵VIP was calculated from bootstrapped partial least-squares-discriminant analysis models derived from training data (n = 10 mice/group).