TABLE 5.

Postabsorptive liver metabolite abundances (ranked highest to lowest by percentage difference) in male mice fed a 45%-fat diet with or without HAMRS2 supplementation for 10 wk¹

				P4
Metabolite2	Control	HAMRS2	Percentage difference (HAMRS2 relative to control)3	MWU	MWU-FDR	VIP5
Carbohydrates
Myo-inositol	25,600 ± 1180	19,000 ± 794	−26	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.64
Galacturonic acid	15,000 ± 794	10,900 ± 692	−28	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.51
Hexuronic acid	14,800 ± 774	10,700 ± 678	−28	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.55
Flucose	692,000 ± 29,800	463,000 ± 25,900	−33	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.68
Maltotriose	124,000 ± 9290	67,500 ± 5310	−46	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.20
Galactonic acid	586 ± 50	296 ± 49	−49	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.47
lactobionic acid	25,900 ± 6520	12,600 ± 5320	−51	0.0030	0.0130	1.23
Lellobiose	2200 ± 325	1020 ± 139	−54	0.0010	0.0060	1.47
Cellobiotol	104,000 ± 5700	47,200 ± 5340	−55	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.66
3,6-Anhydrogalactose	429 ± 47	194 ± 21	−55	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.43
Xylitol	2440 ± 245	1100 ± 156	−55	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.52
Maltose	404,000 ± 22,100	174,000 ± 22,500	−57	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.66
Arabinose	595 ± 73	240 ± 14	−60	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.63
Ribose	5250 ± 844	1590 ± 388	−70	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.31
Fructose	34,400 ± 5310	8760 ± 3040	−75	0.0030	0.0130	1.04
Ribitol	1490 ± 431	346 ± 122	−77	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.22
Amino acids and derivatives
Alanine	669,000 ± 41,000	536,000 ± 17,600	−20	0.0010	0.0060	1.38
Cysteine	1410 ± 189	958 ± 90	−32	0.0700	0.1830	1.10
Tryptophan	7070 ± 244	4730 ± 303	−33	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.66
β-Alanine	3080 ± 204	2040 ± 125	−34	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.51
Glycine	207,000 ± 15,200	135,000 ± 5850	−35	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.52
Isoleucine	17,000 ± 1180	11,000 ± 558	−35	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.47
Valine	32,200 ± 2030	20,400 ± 1080	−36	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.46
Proline	18,800 ± 1400	11,600 ± 688	−38	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.64
Taurine	275,000 ± 38,200	161,000 ± 18,800	−41	0.0290	0.0930	1.08
Phenylalanine	6320 ± 644	3600 ± 339	−43	0.0030	0.0130	1.38
Tyrosine	29300 ± 2330	16,600 ± 1850	−43	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.30
Leucine	39700 ± 3070	21,600 ± 1720	−45	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.65
β-Glutamic acid	329 ± 45	179 ± 22	−46	0.0040	0.0170	1.33
Threonine	13,700 ± 1060	7300 ± 645	−47	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.62
Serine	22,900 ± 2180	11,500 ± 1280	−50	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.52
Asparagine	4860 ± 470	2170 ± 159	−55	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.72
Methionine	3530 ± 431	1470 ± 274	−58	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.40
Other nitrogenous
Spermidine	488 ± 39	391 ± 61	−20	0.0370	0.1150	1.32
N-methylalanine	5000 ± 248	3990 ± 283	−20	0.0120	0.0450	1.10
Inosine 5′-monophosphate	5670 ± 573	4390 ± 353	−23	0.1580	0.3280	1.06
Urea	63,200 ± 4570	47,800 ± 2470	−24	0.0030	0.0130	1.20
γ-Glutamyl-valine	186 ± 19	127 ± 9	−32	0.0030	0.0130	1.39
Xanthosine	905 ± 74	604 ± 68	−33	0.0030	0.0130	1.15
N-acetylmannosamine	615 ± 28	389 ± 17	−37	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.70
Creatinine	5260 ± 360	3300 ± 161	−37	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.72
Glutamyl-threonine	1310 ± 65	790 ± 48	−40	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.72
Allantoic acid	2540 ± 314	1520 ± 208	−40	0.0180	0.0640	1.45
Nicotinamide	24,600 ± 1670	13,900 ± 522	−44	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.65
Pantothenic acid	1100 ± 102	598 ± 72	−46	0.0010	0.0060	1.58
Ornithine	13,000 ± 1180	6780 ± 650	−48	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.62
Inosine	32,200 ± 2630	14,300 ± 1480	−56	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.59
Flavin adenine dinucleotide	420 ± 60	185 ± 16	−56	0.0010	0.0060	1.41
Xanthine	9110 ± 799	3990 ± 577	−56	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.54
Uridine	2010 ± 334	727 ± 119	−64	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.60
Uracil	5060 ± 666	1560 ± 222	−69	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.62
Hypoxanthine	23,600 ± 3269	6640 ± 1720	−72	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.35
Lipids
Caprylic acid	1020 ± 53	837 ± 69	−18	0.0850	0.2120	1.34
Myristic acid	2610 ± 156	2020 ± 84	−22	0.0040	0.0170	1.39
Isoheptadecanoic acid	4640 ± 217	3400 ± 170	−27	0.0010	0.0060	1.32
Icosenoic acid	2120 ± 192	1510 ± 110	−29	0.0100	0.0390	1.29
1-Monostearin	623 ± 53	385 ± 40	−38	0.0010	0.0060	1.28
Palmitic acid	67,500 ± 4720	41,200 ± 3000	−39	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.37
Linoleic acid	4510 ± 692	1340 ± 405	−70	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.22
Arachidonic acid	17,100 ± 2540	4900 ± 1430	−71	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.26
Palmitoleic acid	12,000 ± 2520	3360 ± 832	−72	0.0010	0.0060	1.23
Oleic acid	18,800 ± 3430	4950 ± 1350	−74	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.30
Other
2-Hydroxyglutaric acid	2060 ± 130	1500 ± 97	−27	0.0010	0.0060	1.32
Glucuronic acid	5640 ± 554	3970 ± 273	−30	0.0410	0.1220	1.14
Idonic acid	1310 ± 70	903 ± 43	−31	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.67
Shikimic acid	559 ± 79	382 ± 40	−32	0.0200	0.0700	1.13
Phosphoric acid	94,100 ± 5860	55,900 ± 3400	−41	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.65
Gluconic acid	521 ± 59	286 ± 48	−45	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.17
2-Oxogluconic acid	316 ± 47	165 ± 14	−48	0.0010	0.0060	1.20
Fumaric acid	3860 ± 514	1910 ± 289	−51	0.0030	0.0130	1.07
Malic acid	4640 ± 855	1630 ± 348	−65	0.0020	0.0100	1.14
Ribonic acid	1820 ± 310	600 ± 144	−67	0.0020	0.0100	1.16
Glycerol	46,000 ± 7160	13,400 ± 2070	−71	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.50

¹Values are means ± SEMs; n = 15 in the control group, n = 14 in the HAMRS2 group. Only annotated metabolites with mean bootstrapped VIP measurements ≥1 are presented. Nonannotated metabolites are not shown for the sake of brevity but are provided in Supplemental Table 3. FDR, false discovery rate; HAMRS2, high-amylose-maize resistant starch type 2; MWU, Mann-Whitney U; VIP, variable importance in projection.

²Metabolite abundances are reported in quantifier ion peak heights in the 0.5-μL extract derived from 4 mg liver.

³Percentage difference = [(HAMRS2 − control)/control] × 100.

⁴Group comparisons were assessed by Mann-Whitney U tests. P values were adjusted for false discovery rate correction. Significance was set at an adjusted P value ≤ 0.05.

⁵VIP was calculated from bootstrapped partial least-squares-discriminant analysis models derived from training data (n = 10 mice/group).