Figure 3.

Both travel feed rate and biomaterial composition modulate extrusion resolution, measured by line thickness. (a) Representative images shown for line extrusions at 4 mm s⁻¹ (left), 8 mm s⁻¹ (center) and 12 mm s⁻¹ (right) for 10% GelMA/0.25% LAP. Scale bars: 1000 μm. (b) Representative images shown for line extrusions with a 22G nozzle at the optimal pressure of 40 psi (left) and with an 18G nozzle at the optimal pressure of 10 psi (right) for 10% GelMA/0.25% LAP and a travel feed rate of 8 mm s⁻¹. Scale bars: 1000 μm. (c) Line thickness data as a function of GelMA concentration (10% or 20%) and travel feed rate, quantified by micrograph analysis (****p ≤ 0.0001, two way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis). (d) Line thickness data as a function of nozzle gauge quantified by micrograph analysis (**p ≤ 0.01,****p ≤ 0.0001, one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis).