Table 1.
Overview of related studies on H. pylori invasion (from 2001 to 2016).
| References | Cells and samples | H. pylori strains | Methods | Time after Hp infection | Implications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al., 2012 | AGS cells | J99 and and its isogenic nudA mutant | FISH, TEM | 12 h | VacA were closely associated with intracellular H. pylori |
| Chu et al., 2010 | AGS cells and MKN45 cells | 238 and its isogenic babA, cagA and vacA mutant, 917, 1076, 1024, 43504, J99 | CLSM, TEM | 6–12 h | The autophagic vesicles induced by H. pylori are the sites of replication and also of the degradation of the replicating bacteria after fusion with lysosomes |
| Ito K. et al., 2008 | Huh7 cells and AGS cells | 43504 and 401C | EM, TEM | 24 h | H. pylori adhered to and invaded into hepatocytes more efficiently than into gastric epithelial cells depending on the virulent factors |
| Terebiznik et al., 2006 | AGS cells and CHO-II a cells | 49503 and its isogenic vacA mutant | RFM, CLSM | 48 h | Ability of H. pylori to invade AGS cells was independent of the VacA and VacA enhanced long-term survival of the bacteria |
| Kwok et al., 2002 | AGS cells, HEp-2 cells and HeLa cells | P1, P12, 26695, J99, P49 | TEM, SEM, CLEM | 12 h | Entry of H. pylori into AGS cells occurs via a zipper-like mechanism |
| Amieva et al., 2002 | AGS cells, Caco-2 cells and MDCK cells | G27 and its isogenic vacA– and cagA– mutants | VM, IF, CLSM | within 45 min | H. pylori enter and survive within multivesicular vacuoles of epithelial cells |
| Petersen et al., 2001 | AGS cells | AF4 and its isogenic vacA mutant, G27, 51932 | TEM | 3–24 h | VacA improves the intracellular survival of H. pylori within AGS cells |
| Zhang et al., 2015 | AGS cells | 43504, 26695, SS1, clinicalisolates | TEM | 4–6 h | H. pylori invasive ability and disease severity have a positive correlation |
| Lozniewski et al., 2003 | AGS cells;Gastric ucosa samples of human gastric xenografts in nude mice | UA948 and UA948 fucTa_a, 26695 and 26695fucTa_b, UA1111 and UA1111fucT2_ | TEM | 6 h; Whitin 2weeks | LeX may be involved in H. pylori internalization |
| Björkholm et al., 2000 | the human epithelial cell, HEp-2 | 88-23, CCUG 17874 and its isogenic vacA mutant | TLP | 1–6 h | H. pylori has the potential to invade epithelial cells actively |
| Zhang et al., 2007 | AGS cells, SGC-7901 cells, MDCK cells | X47, SS1 and its isogenic vacA mutant, 88-3887 and its isogenic cagA mutant | EM, PCR | 5 h | CagA and VacA are not related to the ability of invasion and adhesion of H. pylori in different cell lines in vitro |
| Wang et al., 2016 | GES-1 cells | clinicalisolates | PCR, E-test, K–B method | 7 or 10 days | H. pylori invasion of the gastric epithelia might play a role in eradicaton failure |
| Vázquez-Jiménez et al., 2016 | AGS cells | clinicalisolates | - | 6 h | there was no correlation between adherence pattern and invasiveness |
| Ozbek et al., 2010 | Gastric biopsy specimens of patients with gastric discomfort | clinicalisolates | EM, IHC | – | H. pylori within the membrane-bounded vacuoles of both the gastric epithelial cells and the lamina propria |
| Semino-Mora et al., 2003 | Biopsy specimens of patients with metaplasia, dyspepsia and neoplasm | clinicalisolates | CSLM, ISH, IHC, CLSM, TEM | – | H. pylori penetrates normal, metaplastic and neoplastic gastric epithelium in vivo |
| Ito K. et al., 2008 | Stomach and gastric lymph nodes of patients with H. pylori infection | clinicalisolates | Real-time PCR, IHC | – | H. pylori-induced gastric epithelial damage allows the bacteria to invade the lamina propria and translocate to the gastric lymph nodes |
Cell lines: AGS cells (human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line); MKN45 (human gastric carcinoma cell line); Huh7 cells (human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line); CHO-II a cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with Fc_IIa receptors); HEp-2 cells (human laryngeal carcinoma cell line); HeLa cells(Human cervix carcinoma cell line); Caco-2 cells(human colon adenocarcinoma cell line); MDCK (the canine kidney tubular epithelial line); SGC-7901 cells (human gastric cancer cell line).
*Gentamicin protection test for all cell experiments.
CLSM, Confocal laser scanning microscopy; MEFs, Murine embryonic fibroblasts; FISH, Fluorescence in situ hybridization; ISH, In situ hybridization; TEM, Transmission electron microscopy; EM, Electron microscopy; SEM, Scanning electron microscope; VM, Video microscopy; TLP, Time-lapse photography; RFM, Ratiometric fluorescence microscopy; CSLM, Concurrently standard light microscopy; Real-time PCR, Real-time polymerase chain reaction; IF, Immunofluorescence; IHC, Immunohistochemistry.