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. 2016 Nov 22;7:1872. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01872

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Copyright © 2016 Cárdenas-Mondragón, Ares, Panunzi, Pacheco, Camorlinga-Ponce, Girón, Torres and De la Cruz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Prevalence of type II TA genes. (A) The clinical isolates tested (n = 114) comprised strains of H. pylori with different pathologies. Bars show the prevalence of type II TA genes in clinic (black) and sequenced (gray) strains. The heatmaps and hierarchical clustering of selected genomes for H. pylori and Helicobacter species showing both the presence (B) and identity (C) of toxin–antitoxin genes were determined in R (version 3.2.4) using the hclust function with the “ward.D” method. The red and blue colors indicate the presence of the toxin and the anti-toxin gene.