. 2016 Nov 16;5(6):61–69. doi: 10.1530/EC-16-0070
This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics in the vitamin D group and the placebo group (n = 187).
| Vitamin D group (n = 94) | Placebo group (n = 93) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameters | ||
| Age (years) | 67 ± 8 | 68 ± 9 |
| Male | 68 (72) | 57 (61) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6 (3–8) | 6 (4–8) |
| White skin colour | 91 (95) | 90 (95) |
| Antidiabetic treatment | ||
| Lifestyle adjustments | 3 (3) | 6 (7) |
| Metformin | 66 (70) | 48 (52) |
| SU derivatives | 2 (2) | 5 (5) |
| Metformin and SU derivatives | 23 (25) | 34 (37) |
| Microvascular complications* ≥1 | 25 (27) | 13 (14) |
| Cardiovascular disease, yes | 28 (30) | 33 (36) |
| Single | 8 (9) | 20 (22) |
| Education level | ||
| Low | 63 (69) | 64 (72) |
| Middle | 21 (23) | 18 (20) |
| High | 7 (8) | 8 (9) |
| Employment status | ||
| Paid employment | 24 (26) | 25 (26) |
| Unemployed or incapacitated | 8 (9) | 7 (8) |
| Retired | 62 (66) | 61 (66) |
| Alcohol use >2 units/day | 12 (13) | 12 (13) |
| Current smoker | 15 (16) | 13 (14) |
| Use of vitamin D supplements† | 14 (15) | 9 (10) |
| Physical activity | ||
| <2 h/week | 31 (33) | 22 (24) |
| 2–5 h/week | 40 (43) | 52 (56) |
| >5 h/week | 23 (25) | 19 (20) |
| Sun exposure (%) | ||
| <5 h/week | 34 (36) | 37 (40) |
| 5–10 h/week | 46 (49) | 44 (47) |
| >10 h/week | 14 (15) | 12 (13) |
| Season of blood collection | ||
| Spring | 12 (13) | 8 (9) |
| Summer | 23 (25) | 20 (22) |
| Autumn | 43 (46) | 49 (53) |
| Winter | 16 (17) | 16 (17) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 (26.0–31.2) | 27.5 (25.3–30.6) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51 (46–55) | 51 (46–53) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 (6.4–7.2) | 6.8 (6.4–7.0) |
| Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 59.0 (43.0–75.0) | 60.0 (44.0–74.0) |
| Serum PTH (pmol/L) | 5.1 (3.8–6.8) | 5.2 (4.0–6.5) |
| Health-related quality of life | ||
| Physical functioning | 85 (70–95) | 85 (65–95) |
| Role limitations physical | 100 (50–100) | 100 (50–100) |
| Bodily pain | 74 (52–100) | 74 (62–100) |
| General health perceptions | 67 (47–77) | 62 (47–72) |
| Mental health | 88 (76–92) | 80 (64–92) |
| Role limitations emotional | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) |
| Vitality | 75 (60–85) | 70 (55–85) |
| Social functioning | 100 (88–100) | 100 (75–100) |
| Physical component summary | 80 (60–91) | 76 (63–87) |
| Mental component summary | 87 (74–91) | 82 (70–90) |
Continuous variables are presented in mean ± s.d. or median (IQR) depending on normality. Categorical variables are presented in numbers (%).
*
Including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. †Maximum dose of 400 IU vitamin D supplement daily before the start of the trial.
25(OH)D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SU derivatives, sulphonylurea derivatives.