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. 2016 Nov 15;4:e2692. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2692

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©2016 Neubauer et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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Immune stimulation of animals was elicited by incubation in 1 µg/ml LPS overnight prior to the experiment. Immune stimulation was measured by quantifying DAF-FM DA, a probe for the presence NO, itself a marker for immune stress. Graph shows MFI of DAF-FM DA in tentacles in response to incubation in increasing concentrations of fucoidan. Animals exhibited a significant dose-dependent response to fucoidan (Bayesian generalized linear mixed model, P < 0.0001), with increasing NO production with increasing SR inhibition by fucoidan. Bars represent means ± SD; n = 3 anemones. Inset: representative confocal images of tentacles incubated in FSW only and 800 µg/ml fucoidan. DAF-FM DA (green) symbiont autofluorescence (red).