Table 5.
Differences in symptom-related and psychological characteristics between the Recurrent Interference and Continuous Improvement classes based on an evaluation of pain-related interference with walking
| Recurrent | Continuous | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interferencea | Improvementa | Statistics |
Effect size | ||
| (n = 45) | (n = 157) | p-value | 95% CI | Cohen’s d | |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Fatigue severity (LFS) | 3.4 (2.1) | 2.6 (2.1) | 0.02 | −1.6 to −1.4 | 0.37 |
| Fatigue interference (FSS7) | 4.6 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.5) | 0.005 | −1.3 to −0.2 | 0.52 |
| Depression (HADS) | 4.6 (3.9) | 3.2 (2.8) | 0.03 | −2.7 to −0.1 | 0.44 |
| Anxiety (HADS) | 5.4 (4.1) | 4.4 (3.5) | 0.1 | −2.2 to 0.2 | 0.28 |
| Psychological characteristics from the brief illness perception questionnaire | |||||
| Consequences | 6.8 (1.6) | 6.2 (1.8) | 0.04 | −1.2 to −0.03 | 0.34 |
| Personal control | 5.9 (2.4) | 5.2 (2.4) | 0.06 | −1.6 to 0.02 | 0.30 |
| Identity | 7.0 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.7) | 1.0 | −1.0 to 0.1 | 0.30 |
| Concern | 6.2 (2.3) | 4.7 (2.6) | < 0.001 | −2.4 to −0.7 | 0.76 |
| Emotional response | 5.3 (2.5) | 4.3 (2.6) | 0.02 | −1.9 to −0.2 | 0.38 |
a
Values are mean (SD)
Cohen’s d effect sizes: Small ≥0.2; Medium ≥0.5; Large ≥0.8.
FSS7: fatigue severity scale; HADS: hospital and anxiety scale; LFS: Lee fatigue scale.