Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors | Study design | Population name | Sample size | Factors studied | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E | |||||
| 1. Paganini-Hill (2001) | Case-control study | The Leisure World Cohort Study | Cases: 395 Controls: 2,320 |
Vitamin A and C | No relationship detected |
| 2. Zhang et al. (2002) | Prospective cohort HPFS: 1986-1998 NHS: 1980-1998 |
NHS HPFS |
HPFS (N = 47,331), NHS (N = 76,890) Cases: 371 |
Supplemental vitamin E Supplemental vitamin C Dietary vitamin C Nuts (vitamin E) Carotenoids |
No relationship detected No relationship detected No relationship detected Decreased risk No relationship detected |
| 3. Hellenbrand et al. (1996) | Case-control study | 9 German neurologic clinics | Cases: 342 Controls: 342 |
Vitamin B β-carotene ascorbic acid niacin |
Decreased risk Decreased risk Decreased risk Decreased risk |
| 4. Miyake et al. (2011b) | Hospital-based case-control | Japanese population | Cases: 249 Control: 368 |
Vitamin E β-carotene α-carotene |
Decreased risk Decreased risk No relationship detected |
| 5. Logroscino et al. (1996) | Population-based case-control study 5-year follow-up |
Community study | Cases: 110 Controls: 287 |
Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E |
No relationship detected No relationship detected No relationship detected |
| 6. Anderson et al. (1999) | Case-control | DATATOP | Cases: 103 Controls: 156 |
Dietary vitamins D Supplements: Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E |
Increased risk Increased risk No relationship detected No relationship detected No relationship detected |
| 7. Morens et al. (1996) | Case-control | Honolulu Heart Study | Cases: 83 Controls: 336 |
Vitamin E | No relationship detected |
| 8. Scheider et al. (1997) | Case-control | DATATOP | Cases: 57 Controls: 50 |
Vitamins E Vitamin C |
No relationship detected No relationship detected |
| 9. de Rijk et al. (1997) | Cross-sectional study, 3 years | Rotterdam Study |
N = 5,342 Cases: 31 |
Vitamin E | Decreased risk |
| Folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, Riboflavin | |||||
| 10. Gao et al. (2012) | Prospective cohort, 20-22 years | HPFS NHS |
Cases: 438 | Flavonoids | Increased risk |
| 11. Murakami et al. (2010) | Multicenter hospital-based case-control study, 4 years | 11 collaborating hospitals in Japan | Cases: 249 Controls: 368 |
Folate Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Riboflavin |
No relationship detected Increased risk No relationship detected No relationship detected |
| 12. Chen et al. (2004) | Prospective cohort: HPFS: 24 years NHS: 18 years |
HPFS NHS |
Cases: 248 | Folate Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 |
No relationship detected No relationship detected No relationship detected |
| 13. Ueki and Otsuka (2004) | Case-control study Retrospective |
DATATOP | Cases: 94 Controls: 69 |
Vitamin B2 Niacin Vitamin C |
Decreased risk Decreased risk Decreased risk |
| 14. de Lau et al. (2006) | Prospective cohort, 13 years | Rotterdam Study | Cases: 72 | Folate Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 |
No relationship detected Increased risk No relationship detected |
| Urate | |||||
| 15. Gao et al. (2008) | Prospective cohort, 14 years | HPFS | Cases: 1,387 men | Urate | Decreased risk |
| Iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese | |||||
| 16. Powers et al. (2009) | Population-based case-control | Group Health Cooperative | Cases 430 Controls 560 |
Iron | Increased risk |
| 17. Logroscino et al. (2008) | Prospective Cohort | HPFS NHS |
Cases: 422 | Total Iron Non-heme iron Supplement iron |
No relationship detected Increased risk (with low vitamin C intake) Increased risk (borderline) |
| 18. Powers et al. (2003) | Population-Based Case-Control | Group Health Cooperative health maintenance organization | Cases: 250 Control: 388 |
Iron Manganese |
Increased risk Increased risk (joint effect) |
| 19. Miyake et al. (2011a) | Hospital-based case-control | Japanese population | Cases: 249 Control: 368 |
Iron Copper Zinc Manganese Magnesium |
Decreased risk No relationship detected Decreased risk No relationship detected Decreased risk |
| 20. Johnson et al. (1999) | Prospective cohort | Detroit population | Cases: 126 Controls: 432 |
Iron | Decreased risk |
| Vitamin D, calcium | |||||
| 21. Miyake et al. (2011b) | Hospital-based case-control | Japanese population | Cases: 249 Controls: 368 |
Dairy calcium and vitamin D | No relationship detected |
| 22. Chen et al. (2002) | Prospective follow-up | HPFS: N = 47,331 NHS: N = 88,563 |
NHS Cases: 184 HPFS Cases: 210 |
Dairy calcium and vitamin D Non-dairy calcium and vitamin D |
Increased risk (among men only) No relationship detected |
| 23. Park et al. (2005) | Prospective follow-up, 1965-1998 | Honolulu Heart Program | Cases: 128 | Calcium | No relationship detected |
HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS= Nurses Health Study; DATATOP= Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism.