Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics Among Those With No, Moderate, and Severe Loneliness (Unadjusted).
| All |
No loneliness |
Moderate loneliness |
Severe loneliness |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3,765 % | n = 1,716 % | n = 1,004 % | n = 1,045 % | p value | |
| CM engagement status | |||||
| Engaged | 33.6 | 30.8 | 34.7 | 37.2 | .007 |
| Disengaged | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.7 | |
| Never engaged | 22.5 | 24.2 | 22.2 | 19.9 | |
| Program not available | 41.7 | 43.2 | 40.8 | 40.2 | |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 56.1 | 51.1 | 57.4 | 63.2 | <.0001 |
| Male | 43.9 | 49.0 | 42.6 | 36.8 | |
| Age (M) | 80.8 | 80.1 | 81.5 | 81.3 | <.0001 |
| 65-69 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 8.6 | .001 |
| 70-74 | 14.4 | 15.9 | 12.7 | 13.8 | |
| 75-79 | 19.8 | 21.1 | 18.9 | 18.4 | |
| 80-84 | 26.6 | 26.8 | 27.8 | 25.2 | |
| 85 plus | 30.3 | 26.5 | 32.8 | 34.1 | |
| Race | |||||
| White | 90.9 | 91.1 | 91.6 | 90.1 | .56 |
| Income group | |||||
| High | 50.3 | 51.3 | 50.9 | 48.0 | .13 |
| Upper middle | 22.8 | 23.0 | 24.0 | 21.3 | |
| Lower middle | 16.6 | 16.2 | 14.8 | 19.0 | |
| Low | 8.0 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 9.4 | |
| Location | |||||
| Urban | 87.2 | 86.6 | 87.8 | 87.8 | .57 |
| Acute care hospitals per 1,000 (M) | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | .01 |
| PCPs per 100,000 (M) | 71.4 | 70.4 | 72.7 | 71.8 | .009 |
| Plan type | |||||
| First-dollar coverage (no copays) | 75.2 | 78.4 | 72.7 | 72.4 | <.0001 |
| Baseline health status | |||||
| Community HCC score (M) | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | .03 |
| HCC score ≤ 1.657 | 25.0 | 25.4 | 25.9 | 23.5 | .31 |
| HCC score ≤ 2.449 | 25.0 | 24.1 | 27.1 | 24.4 | |
| HCC score ≤ 3.253 | 25.0 | 25.2 | 24.2 | 25.5 | |
| HCC score > 3.253 | 25.0 | 25.3 | 22.8 | 26.6 | |
| Three-item loneliness score (M) | 4.5 | 3.0 | 4.4 | 6.9 | <.0001 |
| Quality of life (VR-12; unadjusted) | |||||
| PCS | 33.9 | 36.4 | 33.4 | 30.3 | <.0001 |
| MCS | 50.3 | 56.0 | 49.9 | 41.3 | <.0001 |
| Depression | |||||
| Yes | 37.7 | 14.8 | 38.9 | 74.1 | <.0001 |
| Vision problems | |||||
| Yes | 9.0 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 15.7 | <.0001 |
| Hearing problems | |||||
| Yes | 16.8 | 11.8 | 18.1 | 23.6 | <.0001 |
| Walking/balance problems | |||||
| Yes | 63.3 | 52.8 | 65.2 | 78.9 | <.0001 |
| Falls | |||||
| Yes | 36.4 | 28.6 | 39.6 | 46.1 | <.0001 |
| Health literacy | |||||
| Extremely | 34.4 | 43.5 | 31.6 | 22.1 | <.0001 |
| Quite a bit | 28.0 | 27.3 | 30.6 | 26.5 | |
| Somewhat | 16.7 | 13.5 | 16.9 | 21.8 | |
| A little bit | 5.9 | 4.3 | 6.8 | 7.6 | |
| Not at all | 11.1 | 7.6 | 10.1 | 17.9 | |
| BMI | |||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.5 | .33 |
| Normal (BMI = 18.5-24.9) | 34.9 | 34.4 | 36.8 | 33.8 | |
| Overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) | 31.6 | 33.6 | 29.7 | 30.2 | |
| Obese (BMI = 30-39.9) | 21.6 | 21.0 | 22.0 | 22.2 | |
| Morbid obese (BMI ≥ 40) | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 4.2 | |
Note. CM = care management; PCP = primary care physician; HCC = hierarchical condition category; VR-12 = Veteran’s RAND 12-item; BMI = body mass index; PCS = physical component score; MCS = mental component score.