Table 2.
Characteristics Associated With Loneliness: Severe Loneliness and Moderate Loneliness.
| Characteristics associated with loneliness | Odds ratio | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Severe loneliness | ||
| Depression | 14.22 | <.0001 |
| Disengaged in CM | 2.05 | <.0001 |
| Vision problems | 1.82 | <.0001 |
| Problems with walking/balance | 1.77 | <.0001 |
| Female | 1.71 | <.0001 |
| Hearing problems | 1.69 | <.0001 |
| Urban location | 1.54 | <.0001 |
| Engaged in CM | 1.47 | <.0001 |
| Age 70-74 | 1.28 | .02 |
| HCC score in third quartile | 1.25 | .004 |
| Age 85+ | 1.23 | .03 |
| Age 75-79 | 1.23 | .04 |
| Lower middle income | 1.16 | .04 |
| First-dollar coverage insurance plans | 0.73 | <.0001 |
| High health literacy | 0.66 | <.0001 |
| Moderate loneliness | ||
| Depression | 3.43 | <.0001 |
| Hearing problems | 1.43 | <.0001 |
| Problems with walking/balance | 1.37 | <.0001 |
| Age 85+ | 1.27 | .003 |
| Female | 1.27 | <.0001 |
| Age 80-84 | 1.22 | .02 |
| Urban location | 1.19 | .02 |
| Engaged in CM | 1.15 | .01 |
| PCPs per 1,000 | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Lower middle income | 0.86 | .02 |
| High health literacy | 0.83 | <.0001 |
| Overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) | 0.81 | .0001 |
| First-dollar coverage insurance plans | 0.77 | <.0001 |
| Underweight | 0.76 | .01 |
Note. Results are weighted to account for survey non-response. CM = care management; HCC = hierarchical condition category; PCP = primary care physician; BMI = body mass index.