Table 4.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Utilization of Preventive Services.
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) for utilization of preventive services |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Blood pressure | Glucose | Cholesterol | Mammogram (women only) | Pap smear (women only) | Prostate (men only) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | — | — |
| Female | 1.58 [1.20, 2.07]* | 1.36 [1.08, 1.72]** | 1.09 [0.89, 1.33] | — | — | — |
| Age groups | ||||||
| 60-69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 70-79 | 1.03 [0.76, 1.38] | 1.21 [0.93, 1.56] | 1.16 [0.93, 1.44] | 0.63 [0.40, 0.99]* | 0.56 [0.36, 0.89]* | 1.49 [1.10, 2.02]* |
| ≥80 | 1.56 [1.09, 2.23]* | 1.44 [1.06, 1.95]* | 1.21 [0.93, 1.43] | 0.43 [0.24, 0.79]** | 0.30 [0.15, 0.59]*** | 1.28 [0.89, 1.85] |
| Education | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.60 [0.33, 1.07] | 0.68 [0.42, 1.12] | 0.84 [0.56, 1.28] | 0.61 [0.23, 1.65] | 0.83 [0.28, 2.42] | 1.12 [0.66, 1.90] |
| Secondary | 0.71 [0.37, 1.40] | 0.86 [0.48, 1.52] | 0.91 [0.56, 1.48] | 0.78 [0.26, 2.34] | 0.77 [0.28, 2.42] | 1.40 [0.76, 2.60] |
| Post secondary | 1.2 [0.57, 2.50] | 1.01 [0.55, 1.86] | 1.15 [0.69, 1.91] | 1.39 [0.47, 4.16] | 1.77 [0.23, 2.59] | 1.42 [0.75, 2.70] |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 1.05 [0.79, 1.40] | 1.08 [0.84, 1.39] | 1.48 [1.20, 1.84]*** | 0.96 [0.58, 1.59] | 0.90 [0.55, 1.48] | 1.25 [0.93, 1.70] |
| Union status | ||||||
| No union | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| In union | 1.39 [1.06, 1.82]* | 1.05 [0.84, 1.33] | 1.11 [0.91, 1.36] | 1.73 [1.14, 2.64]** | 1.47 [0.96, 2.25] | 1.21 [0.93, 1.57] |
| Retirement status | ||||||
| Not retired | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Retired | 1.17 [0.87, 1.57] | 1.29 [1.00, 1.67] | 1.30 [1.03, 1.63]* | 0.83 [0.50, 1.40] | 1.15 [0.67, 2.00] | 1.08 [0.79, 1.49] |
| Health insurance | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.76 [1.23, 2.50]* | 1.38 [1.03, 1.84]* | 1.23 [0.97, 1.57] | 1.54 [0.97, 2.42] | 1.02 [0.62, 1.69] | 1.21 [0.88, 1.65] |
| Routine care | ||||||
| Public only | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private only | 0.75 [0.57, 0.98] | 0.82 [0.65, 1.04] | 0.87 [0.71, 1.07] | 1.35 [0.84, 2.18] | 1.10 [0.69, 1.76] | 1.48 [1.10, 1.98]** |
| Both | 3.15 [1.78, 5.58]* | 2.27 [1.49, 3.47]*** | 1.84 [1.33, 2.56]*** | 2.27 [1.31, 3.93]** | 1.31 [0.73, 2.34] | 1.63 [1.07, 2.47]* |
| NCDs | ||||||
| Hypertension | 5.35 [4.05, 7.07]* | 2.63 [2.11, 3.29]*** | 2.25 [1.85, 2.73]*** | 1.44 [0.89, 2.34] | 1.74 [1.03, 2.92]* | 1.43 [1.09, 1.88]* |
| Diabetes | 3.08 [2.0, 4.75]* | 6.65 [4.36, 10.16]*** | 1.61 [1.27, 2.03]*** | 0.81 [0.52, 1.24] | 0.81 [0.52, 1.27] | 1.25 [0.91, 1.73] |
| CHD | 4.60 [1.41, 15.0]* | 2.42 [1.19, 4.94]* | 2.05 [1.24, 3.40]* | 1.44 [0.74, 2.82] | 1.01 [0.48, 2.15] | 0.49 [0.24, 1.00] |
| Cancer | 1.12 [0.62, 2.03] | 1.01 [0.62, 1.66] | 1.12 [0.72, 1.74] | 3.69 [1.61, 8.47]** | 1.46 [0.48, 4.42] | 4.65 [2.86, 7.56]*** |
| Hosmer–Lemeshow (p value) | .85 | .15 | .23 | .54 | .77 | .35 |
Note. Reference groups for NCDs are those not having the condition. All chronic conditions are doctor-diagnosed self-reports. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NCD = non-communicable diseases; CHD = coronary heart disease.
*
p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.