Table 4.

Frequency of gender-relevant approaches and findings in the reviewed papers

Gender-relevant aspects of the reviewed papers	Frequencya
Approach or framework
Paper based on case studies	***
Findings
Intersectionality
Consideration of two categories (i.e. men and women)	****
Consideration of age as a variable in addition to gender in the analysis	***
Consideration of ethnicity as a variable in addition to gender in the analysis	***
Consideration of profession as a variable in addition to gender in the analysis	***
Consideration of wealth as a variable in addition to gender in the analysis	**
Focus on differentiated perceptions of exposure and impacts, rather than differentiated vulnerability	–
Use of equity and rights-based perspectives as a rationale for gender integration	*
Analysis of social and political power relations	–
Consideration of existing intersectional inequalities	–
Agency and emancipatory pathways
Adaptation to climate change leads to social shift in relation to gender	***
Women are adaptable and play an important role in household adaptation	***
Men and women have different coping or adaptation strategies	***
Adaptive strategies have gender-differentiated outcomes	***
Migration is one of a number of male-dominated strategies expected to impact gender relationships	**
Consideration of women’s agency, active choices and engagement	*
Men and women perceive different adaptation needs	*
Men and women play different roles in the implementation of one specific adaptation activity	*
Vulnerability and adaptive capacity
Divergent perceptions are explained by gendered livelihood activities, roles and responsibilities	****
Assets and context increase vulnerability and barriers to adaptation for women	****
Assumption or general statement that women are more vulnerable than men	***
Focus on the perceptions of climate variations, rather than their implications for the vulnerability of individuals or households	**
Men and women have different perceptions of climate variations, their causes and impacts	**
Women and men are impacted differently by climate variability	**
Evidence that women are more vulnerable than men based on case studies at the local level	*
Vulnerability of female-headed households is evidenced	*
Consideration of differentiated intra-households vulnerabilities	*
Divergent perceptions are explained by women’s vulnerability	*

^aRefers to the frequency of this approach or to findings in the reviewed papers: no papers: “–”, * Very few papers: less than 10 % of papers, ** few papers: from 10 % to less than 20 %, *** some papers: from 20 % to less than 40 %, **** many papers: more than 40 %)