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. 2016 Nov 23;6:37223. doi: 10.1038/srep37223

Figure 2. Loss of mTORC1 impairs cold-induced BAT expansion, mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxidative metabolism.

Figure 2

Control and Ad-RaptorKO mice were either kept at thermoneutrality (warm; 30 °C) or exposed to cold (10 °C) for 2 weeks. (A) Western blots performed on BAT following warm or acute cold exposure. All gels have been run under the same experimental conditions. (B) Representative pictures of BAT and (C) H&E staining of representative BAT collected after warm or chronic cold exposure. (D) Total BAT mass (n = 13–17; mean +/− SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control). (E) Total DNA content (n = 7–9; mean +/− SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control). (F) mtDNA content (n = 7–9; mean +/− SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control). (G) Gene expression of Pgc1a (n = 4; mean +/− SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control). (H) Western blots performed on BAT collected from control and Ad-RaptorKO mice following chronic cold exposure. All gels were run under the same experimental conditions. (I) Oxygen consumption at thermoneutrality (warm) and during the transition to cold. (n = 6–8; mean +/− SEM; t-test; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001). White section: thermoneutrality, when the lights were on; Grey section: thermoneutrality, when the lights were off; Light blue section: cold, when the lights were on; Dark blue section: cold, when the lights were off. (J) Mean SUV time-activity curves of 11C-acetate during (left) acute and (right) chronic cold exposure (n = 4–5; mean +/− SEM). (K) Total BAT oxidative activity index corrected for tissue weight (n = 6–8; mean +/−SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; #P < 0.05 vs. Control; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control). (L) Total BAT blood flow index corrected for tissue weight (n = 4–5; mean +/− SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; #P < 0.05 vs. Control; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control). (M) Plasma CK activity (n = 10–13; mean +/− SEM; Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001 vs. Warm; ###P < 0.001 vs. Control).