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. 2016 Nov 23;6:37363. doi: 10.1038/srep37363

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a,b,c) show conventional LSW results and (d,e,f) show inverted LSW results. Examples of (a) successful LSW using Crude Oil D and (b) unsuccessful LSW using Crude Oil A. Examples of (d) unsuccessful inverted LSW using Crude Oil D and (e) successful inverted LSW using Crude Oil A. Vertical dashed lines in (a,b,d,e) indicate when streaming potential measurements are conducted. (c,f) Relationship between incremental oil recovered and the incremental change in the zeta potential of the sample as the injected brine composition was changed. FMB denotes formation brine, SW denotes seawater and 20dSW denotes 20 times diluted seawater.