Table 4.
Data of study participants with and without osteoporosis.
| Variable | Non- Osteoporosis (n=151) |
Osteoporosis (n=63) |
Crude odds ratio (95%CI) |
p | Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.1 (13.5) | 62.2 (14.0) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | .35 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | .56 |
| Weight (kg) | 56.2 (10.1) | 58.1 (11.2) | 1.01 (0.99–1.05) | .23 | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) | .96 |
| Height (cm) | 156.1 (10.1) | 157.4 (9.7) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | .33 | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | .44 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.0) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | .33 | 1.09 (0.71–1.66) | .71 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Men (n) | 50 | 19 | 1 | .67 | 1 | .21 |
| Women (n) | 101 | 44 | 1.15(0.61–2.70) | 5.22 (0.40–68.1) | ||
| Fat free mass (kg) | 41.5 (8.2) | 42.2 (9.5) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | .56 | 0.09 (0.002–5.26) | .24 |
| Total muscle mass (kg) | 39.2 (7.8) | 39.9 (9.1) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | .56 | 13.9 (0.18–1093.3) | .24 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 15.1 (6.5) | 16.1 (7.0) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | .29 | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | .64 |
| Percent of body fat (%) | 26.4 (8.6) | 27.5 (9.0) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | .38 | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | .57 |
| Dominant handgrip (kg) | 26.7 (6.5) | 21.9 (6.0) | 0.87 (0.82–0.93) | .00 | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | .80 |
| Non-dominant handgrip (kg) | 26.9 (7.9) | 19.7 (7.0) | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | .00 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | .006 |
| Dominant key pinch (kg) | 8.1(2.1) | 6.5 (1.9) | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) | .00 | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) | .81 |
| Non-dominant key pinch (kg) | 7.8 (2.1) | 6.3 (1.8) | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) | .00 | 1.03 (0.65– 1.63) | .90 |
| Locomo25 score | 9.1 (10.7) | 11.5 (14.2) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | .18 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | .52 |
| EuroQOL index score | 0.85 (0.18) | 0.77 (0.30) | 0.20 (0.05–0.79) | .021 | 0.50 (0.08–3.39) | .48 |
| EuroQOL VAS (mm) | 69.3 (22.4) | 60.9 (23.9) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | .02 | 0.99 (0.97–1.004) | .12 |
| History of falls/ prior one year | ||||||
| No (n) | 117 | 47 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes (n) | 34 | 16 | 1.17 (0.59–2.32) | .65 | 1.24 (0.49–3.10.) | .65 |
| Experience of fragility facture | ||||||
| No (n) | 129 | 53 | 1 | 1 | .75 | |
| Yes (n) | 22 | 10 | 1.10 (0.49–2.49) | 0.81 | 0.84 (0.29–2.48) | |
| Heaviness of labor | ||||||
| No job | 11 | 7 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Light | 44 | 17 | 0.55 | .29 | 1.11 (0.27–4.51) | .88 |
| Intermediate | 76 | 22 | 0.41 | .1 | 0.58 (0.15–2.24) | .42 |
| Heavy | 20 | 17 | 1.21 | .74 | 1.51 (0.36–6.40) | .58 |
| Smoking history | ||||||
| No smoking | 135 | 53 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Smoking | 16 | 10 | 1.59 (0.68–3.73) | .28 | 1.66 (0.57–4.84) | .35 |
| Alcohol history | ||||||
| No alcohol | 121 | 55 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Alcohol | 30 | 8 | 0.59 (0.25–1.36) | .21 | 0.31 (0.09–1.04) | .06 |
Mean values are shown with the standard deviation in parentheses. Odds ratios were calculated using univariate and multivariate analyses. A one-unit change in the explanation variable increases the odds of having osteoporosis by a factor of the odds ratio.
CI, confidence interval