Table 2.

Motivational Deficits in D2R-OE Mice and Patients With Schizophrenia

Component of motivation	Test(s) applied in Humans	Outcome in patients with Schizophrenia (references)	Test applied in mice (Reference for test validation)	Outcome in D2R-OE mice (references)
Hedonic Reaction	Experience sampling and self-report measure of anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Measurement of hedonic response to sucrose.	A deficit in anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure (54). Normal hedonic reaction to sucrose solutions across a range of concentrations (62).	Sucrose preference (63) and positive affective orofacial reactions to sucrose (64)	Normal sucrose preference and normal orofacial “liking” reactions to sucrose (50).
Persistence in effort expenditure	Progressive Ratio schedule of reinforcement for money	Deficit in performance (65), No group deficit but performance correlates with negative symptoms (66)	Progressive Ratio schedule of food reinforcement (67)	Deficit over several different ratios (20)(51)
Allocation of Effort for rewards	effort-based decision-making for money (EEfRT)	Less optimal decision making (a bias for easier to obtain but smaller rewards) (58)(68)	effort-related choice procedure (69)	Diminished effort allocation for preferred rewards (50)
Reward value based decision-making	Probabilistic decision-making task	Impaired value-based decision-making (70)	Concurrent choice of operant schedules (71)	reduced sensitivity to the value of future outcomes (50)