Table 3.

Possible Points of Intervention for Women at Risk for Self-Harm

Tier of Intervention	Examples of Possible Interventions
Individual Patients	• Pharmacotherapy for psychiatric conditions • Patient education about available resources
Providers	• Provider education and access to available mental health and substance use disorder treatment resources • Judicious prescribing of opioids • Screening, identification and referral of women at risk
Healthcare Delivery System	• Multidisciplinary care teams with expertise in substance use and mental health disorders • Improved access to psychiatric care with urgent availability • Universal screening policies as part of care delivery • Integrated care systems with obstetricians, primary care and pediatrics
Community/State/National	• Hotlines for women to call when in crisis • Outreach through patient navigation or nursing home visitation programs • Public education to reduce stigma associated with mental health disorders • Surveillance and quality improvement reviews of maternal self-harm incidents