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. 2016 Oct 4;5(10):e003839. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003839

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© 2016 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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A flowchart of the enrollment of the study cohort. Among 89 455 AF patients who did not receive oral anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, there were 12 115 male AF patients with a CHA₂DS₂‐VASc score of 0 to 1 and 7695 female AF patients with a CHA₂DS₂‐VASc score of 1 to 2. The risk of ischemic stroke was analyzed for these patients and further stratified on the basis of age. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; NHIRD, National Health Insurance Research Database.