Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of PAD Cohort
| Overall (n=821) | Quartile 1 (n=205) | Quartile 2 (n=205) | Quartile 3 (n=205) | Quartile 4 (n=206) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 66±10 | 63±12 | 66±10 | 69±9 | 68±10 | <0.001 |
| Male, % | 66 | 65 | 68 | 68 | 61 | 0.346 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 43 | 29 | 40 | 44 | 60 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 83 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 87 | 0.186 |
| Former/current smokers, % | 74 | 77 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 0.864 |
| Prior CAD, % | 90 | 89 | 91 | 90 | 92 | 0.717 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 92 (74–110) | 96 (77–115) | 90 (74–107) | 93 (79–111) | 91 (70–110) | 0.079 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 33 (27–39) | 34 (28–40) | 34 (28–40) | 32 (26–38) | 31 (26–38) | 0.004 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 3.2 (1.3–8.3) | 3 (1–8.4) | 2.5 (1.2–6.2) | 3.1 (1.5–7.2) | 4.5 (1.6–9.4) | 0.006 |
| MPO, mg/L | 118.6 (80.3–261.8) | 127.8 (84.3–263.8) | 114.4 (79.9–246) | 121 (83.5–279.5) | 115.7 (78.8–277.8) | 0.795 |
| ApoA1 | 112 (100–128) | 113 (101–128) | 114 (101–131) | 111 (99–129) | 109 (97.2–123.8) | 0.142 |
| ApoB | 80 (68–93) | 82 (70–97) | 79 (66–91) | 81 (72–92) | 79 (67–92.8) | 0.167 |
| WBC, ×109 | 6.4 (5.2–7.9) | 6.5 (5.5–8.2) | 6.3 (5.2–7.7) | 6.4 (5.2–7.8) | 6.5 (5.2–8) | 0.439 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 78.8 (59.4–90.9) | 90.8 (81.9–98.5) | 80.6 (67.3–92) | 74.8 (57.9–86.2) | 56.5 (39–78.1) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, % | 60 | 56 | 59 | 67 | 59 | 0.088 |
| β‐Blocker, % | 69 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 0.895 |
| Statin, % | 70 | 73 | 74 | 69 | 66 | 0.249 |
| Aspirin, % | 76 | 78 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 0.632 |
| TMAO, μmol/L | 4.8 (2.9–8) | 2.2 (1.7–2.6) | 3.7 (3.3–4.3) | 6.1 (5.4–7) | 13 (9.8–21.9) | <0.001 |
| Choline, μmol/L | 10.7 (8.7–13.8) | 8.7 (7.1–10.7) | 10 (8.1–12.4) | 11.7 (9.7–14.7) | 13.2 (10.4–17.6) | <0.001 |
| Betaine, μmol/L | 41.9 (32.6–53.4) | 38.6 (30.7–49.5) | 42.9 (33.6–53.9) | 42.1 (32.2–53.5) | 44.2 (34.7–53.9) | 0.004 |
Values expressed in mean±SD, %, or median (interquartile range). ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ARB, angiotensin‐receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MPO, myeloperoxidase; PAD, peripheral artery disease; TMAO, trimethylamine N‐oxide; WBC, total leukocyte count.