Figure 1. CAPE treatment suppresses migration and invasion of PC-3 and DU-145 cells in vitro.

Migration and invasion ability of PC-3 (A) and DU-145 (B) cells pre-treated with different concentration of CAPE (0, 20, 40, 80 μM) for 24 h was determined by transwell assay. Asterisk ** and *** represents statistically significant difference p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively, between control and treatment groups. Motility of PC-3 (C) and DU-145 (D) cells pre-treated with different concentration of CAPE (0, 20, 40, 80 μM) for 24 h was determined by wound healing assay. Images are obtained by live imaging microscope (Leica AF 6000 LX, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The activity and abundance of secreted MMP-9 and MMP-2 in culture medium of PC-3 (E) and DU-145 (F) cells pre-treated with different concentration of CAPE (0, 20, 40, and 80 μM) for 24 h was determined by gelatin zymography and Western blot analysis, respectively.