Table 2.
Clinically and experimentally affirmed mediators of fibrosis relevant to pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease*
| Cytokines: | TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, IL-33 |
| Chemokines: | CXCL12, CXCL4, MCP-1 |
| Cells: | Alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, B cells |
| Growth factors: | CTGF, PDGF, IGFBP-5 |
| Signaling pathways: | Wnt family/β-catenin |
| Peptides: | Endothelin-1, adenosine receptor |
| Lipids: | Lysophosphatidic acid, prostaglandin F |
| Autoantibodies: | Anti–topoisomerase I, anti-fibroblast, anti-PDGF |
| Enzymes: | Thrombin |
Definition of abbreviations: CTGF = connective tissue growth factor; CXCL = chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; IGFBP-5 = insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5; MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein 1; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; TGF = transforming growth factor.