Figure 4. Atopobium parvulum induces rapid and severe pan-colitis in Il10^−/− mice.

(a) Representative histological sections of the cecum and colon of Il10^−/− mice under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions that were either associated with (+) or without (−) A. parvulum. (b) Blinded histological score of inflammation (n=6 to 7 per group; crosses indicate the mean while horizontal lines indicate the median; comparison by Mann–Whitney two-tailed test; *P<0.05). (c) Macroscopic monitoring of inflammation with a murine endoscope (data is representative of two animals). (d) Representative histological sections of the distal colon of germ-free (GF) Il10^−/− mice mono-associated with or without A. parvulum.