Figure 2. Patient fibroblasts have shorter primary cilia than control cells and this can be rescued by expression of wild-type VPS15.

Patient (II.1, II.3, II.5 and BBS4^−/−) and control (ctrl1, ctrl2, ctrl3) skin fibroblasts were transfected or not with VPS15-HA, serum deprived for 24 h, fixed and stained with DAPI (cyan) and acetylated α-tubulin antibodies (red). Length of cilia was measured using the ImageJ analysis program and mean of 20–200 measurements determined for each experiment. The data shown are the mean of three independent experiments and error bars represent s.d. The control Ctrl is the mean of ctrl1, 2 and 3. Statistical significance was determined using the Student's t-test, *P<0.05, **P<0.005. Significance is determined relative to ctrl for non-transfected cells and relative to mock transfected cells for VPS15-HA transfected cells. ND, not done; NS, non-significant.