Table 3.
Drugs that could be related to the development of an atrophic condition of the tongue.
| Drug name | Application | Side effect potentially producing an atrophic tongue | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Type 2 diabetes treatment | Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency (in association with proton-pump inhibitor) | [60] |
| Proton-pump inhibitor (omeoprazole, lansoprazole) | Acid-lowering agent | Vitamin B12 deficiency (in association with metformin) | [53] |
| Histamine antagonist | Acid-lowering agents | Vitamin B12 deficiency | [61] |
| Isoniazid | Anti-tuberculosis agent | Vitamin B3 and vitamin B6 deficiency | [49] |
| Chloramphenicol | Antibiotic | Vitamin B3 deficiency | [58] |
| Fluorouracil | Cancer treatment (antimetabolite) | Vitamin B3 deficiency | [69] |
| Oral contraceptives | Contraceptive | Vitamin B6 and folic acid deficiency | [54] |
| Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, valproic acid, gabapentin, phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone) | Treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain | Vitamin B6 and folic acid deficiency | [59] |
| Cycloserine | Anti-tuberculosis agent | Vitamin B6 deficiency | [62] |
| Penicillamine | Immunosuppression to treat rheumatoid arthritis | Vitamin B6 deficiency | [63] |
| Hydrocortisone | Immune system suppression | Vitamin B6 deficiency | [48] |
| Mercaptopurine | Immunesuppressive agent | Vitamin deficiency | [64] |
| Methotrexate | Treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases | Folic acid deficiency | [65] |
| Sulfasalazine | Rheumatoid arthritis treatment | Folic acid deficiency | [66] |
| Triamterene | Treatment of hypertension and edema | Folic acid deficiency | [67] |
| Chemotherapy | Cancer treatment | Changes of oral microcirculation | [69, 70] |
| Bleomycin | Cancer treatment | Tissutal hypoxia | [69, 70] |
| Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate and risedronate) | Metastatic prevention, treatment of osteoporosis and arthritis rheumatoid | Xerostomia, alteration of cellular turnover | [72] |
| Antidepressants (clomipramine, doxepin) | Tricyclic antidepressants | Xerostomia, anemia (rare) | [73] |
| Fluoxetine | Antidepressant | Xerostomia, gastrointestinal disorders | [68] |
| Venlafaxine | Antidepressant | Xerostomia, gastrointestinal disorders | [68] |
| Fluvoxamine | Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder | Xerostomia, gastrointestinal disorders | [68] |
| Serteraline | Antidepressant | Gastrointestinal disorders determining malabsorption | [68, 73] |
| Antibiotics | Antibacterial activity | Candidiasis, gastrointestinal disorders | [48] |
| Rivastigmine | Treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type and dementia due to Parkinson's disease. | Gastrointestinal disorders | [74] |
| Sulfonamides | Various | Hemolytic anemia | [48] |
| Trihexyphenidyl | Antiparkinsonian agent | Xerostomia | [48] |