Fig. 3.

Microglial reactivation and increased cerebral proinflammatory cytokines in APN-KO mice. a Representative image of immunohistochemistry staining of Iba-1 and GFAP represents the present of activated microglia (Brown, black arrows) and astrocytes respectively in the cortex of 18-mth old wildtype and APN-KO mice. b The percentage of Iba1 and GFAP positive stained area in the cortex of mice. c MHCII, M1 microglial activation marker, was detected in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus of APN-KO mice. d Cerebral IL-1β and TNFα levels detected by ELISA indicated significant increase in the 18-mth-old APN-KO mice. Mean ± S.E.M.; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s. statistically not significant; WT (n = 3) vs APN-KO (n = 3 or 4). Scale bar: 50 μm