Table 1.

Summary of features, proxies, and metrics to identify the worst-off

Worst off in health		Systematic disadvantage
National level features or proxies	Possible metrics	National level features or proxies	Possible metrics
Low health achievement	Life expectancy, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, other health indicators	Poverty; Domination	Gross domestic product data, Gross national product data, Multidimensional Poverty Index data
Low health security	Frequency of droughts, storms, flooding; Ranking on Fragile State Index
Long duration	Performance on health indicators for 5-10+ years
High within-country health inequality	Health and health system indicators—life expectancy, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, access to particular health services—by gender, income, caste, education, geography, etc.
Sub-national level features or proxies	Possible metrics	Sub-national level features or proxies	Possible metrics
Individual or community characteristics associated with poor health and/or social arrangements that create or entrench poor health	Substantial gap between health and health system indicators for sub-national population versus relevant comparator sub-national population shown by, for example, Lorenz curve, Concentration curve and index, and/or Slope and relative indices of inequality	Poverty; Domination; Lack of community capability	Below the poverty line data, Multidimensional Poverty Index data