. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Genet Epidemiol. 2016 Nov 4;40(8):744–755. doi: 10.1002/gepi.22013

Table 1.

Empirical Type I error rates of different analysis methods in simulation set-up I.

IV strength	Mean F-test statistic from LMM	MR analysis				Observational analysis
IV strength	Mean F-test statistic from LMM	Baseline 2SRI	PACE+ 2SRI	PACE+ 2SFRI	IV-outcome test	Baseline	PACE^a
β̂₁(t_i)	8.34	0.053	0.056	0.056	0.046	0.076	0.083
2β̂₁(t_i)	30.29	0.053	0.056	0.057	0.046	0.073	0.081
4β̂₁(t_i)	118.02	0.053	0.054	0.052	0.046	0.073	0.079

the cumulative effect of the exposure variable calculated from PACE-recovered curve was tested.