Table 4.
Adipose tissue macrophage and cytokine mRNA expression level
| LFD (n=7) |
HFD-PL (n=8) |
HFD-APN (n=6) |
p-overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | |
| Macrophage (F4/80) | ||||
| Epididymal | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.11 | 0.17 |
| Mesenteric | 0.80 ± 0.43 | 1.09 ± 0.18 | 2.16 ± 0.31 | 0.37 |
| Perirenal | 0.77 ± 0.06 b | 1.19 ± 0.09 a | 1.11 ± 0.08 a | 0.03 |
| Subcutaneous | 1.69 ± 0.28 b | 1.78 ± 0.50 b | 3.06 ± 0.59 a | 0.02 |
| Brown | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 1.31 ± 0.13 | 1.29 ± 0.03 | 0.65 |
| TNFα | ||||
| Epididymal | 0.53 ± 0.10 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.80 ± 0.24 | 0.08 |
| Mesenteric | 1.10 ± 0.81 | 1.17 ± 0.51 | 1.92 ± 0.74 | 0.34 |
| Perirenal | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 1.17 ± 0.34 | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.10 |
| Subcutaneous | 5.39 ± 1.52 | 1.13 ± 0.46 | 3.44 ± 1.47 | 0.28 |
| Brown | 0.64 ± 0.07 b | 1.23 ± 0.25 a | 0.79 ± 0.07 ab | 0.05 |
| IFNγ | ||||
| Epididymal | 1.07 ± 0.14 ab | 0.87 ± 0.13 b | 1.75 ± 0.38 a | 0.09 |
| Mesenteric | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 1.29 ± 0.48 | 4.18 ± 1.85 | 0.12 |
| Perirenal | 0.94 ± 0.07 b | 1.34 ± 0.16 a | 1.13 ± 0.08 ab | 0.05 |
| Subcutaneous | 6.21 ± 1.75 a | 0.67 ± 0.12 b | 3.11 ± 1.29 ab | 0.03 |
| Brown | 1.51 ± 0.13 | 1.34 ± 0.22 | 1.47 ± 0.30 | 0.10 |
| IL-1α | ||||
| Epididymal | 0.51 ± 0.19 ab | 0.18 ± 0.03 b | 0.97 ± 0.47 a | 0.05 |
| Mesenteric | 0.79 ± 0.55 | 1.47 ± 0.78 | 2.17 ± 0.92 | |
| Perirenal | 1.35 ± 0.57 b | 12.71 ± 4.73 a | 18.21 ± 12.83 a | 0.04 |
| Subcutaneous | 4.75 ± 1.26 | 0.75 ± 0.28 | 3.40 ± 1.48 | 0.06 |
| Brown | 0.51 ± 0.10 | 0.79 ± 0.30 | 0.51 ± 0.09 | 0.33 |
| IL-1β | ||||
| Epididymal | 0.68 ± 0.06 b | 0.51 ± 0.07 b | 1.17 ± 0.25 a | 0.02 |
| Mesenteric | 0.93 ± 0.44 | 1.33 ± 0.47 | 2.45 ± 0.97 | 0.30 |
| Perirenal | 0.63 ± 0.08 b | 2.23 ± 0.50 a | 2.60 ± 0.70 a | 0.004 |
| Subcutaneous | 3.08 ± 0.92 ab | 1.46 ± 0.42 b | 6.25 ± 1.83 a | 0.07 |
| Brown | 0.99 ± 0.09 b | 1.72 ± 0.30 a | 2.05 ± 0.38 a | 0.002 |
| IL-4 | ||||
| Epididymal | 0.26 ± 0.17 | 0.19 ± 0.13 | 1.36 ± 0.78 | 0.83 |
| Mesenteric | 1.08 ± 0.53 | 0.83 ± 0.20 | 4.38 ± 2.90 | 0.26 |
| Perirenal | 0.50 ± 0.50 | 0.89 ± 0.39 | 0.67 ± 0.31 | 0.77 |
| Subcutaneous | 3.14 ± 2.08 | 0.36 ± 0.13 | 3.05 ± 1.14 | 0.26 |
| Brown | 2.30 ± 0.89 | 2.64 ± 0.65 | 1.90 ± 0.91 | 0.50 |
| IL-17a | ||||
| Epididymal | 0.58 ± 0.58 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.19 | 0.32 |
| Mesenteric | 1.08 ± 0.52 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 1.43 ± 0.78 | 0.42 |
| Perirenal | Non-detectable | |||
| Subcutaneous | Non-detectable | |||
| Brown | Non-detectable | |||
Abbreviations: LFD, low fat diet; HFD, high fat diet; PL, placebo; AP, adiponectin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFNγ, interferon γ; The p-overall refers to the p value after performing a one-way analysis of variance for the investigated parameter. For the parameters showing a p-overall <0.05, a post-hoc analysis between the different groups was performed (Means with different letters a,b,c are significantly different, p <0.05). P-overall values were adjusted for body weight