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Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as (A) TNFα, (B) IL-1β and (C) IL-12 in cell culture supernatant as markers of inflammation following nano-WC–Co exposure.
Notes: *P<0.05, #P<0.01 compared to 0 μg/mL (M0) control.
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; WC–Co, tungsten carbide–cobalt; h, hours.
