Table 1.

Clinical Data, Electrophysiological Results and Neuroimaging, and Postsurgical Outcomes in Our Series

	Case No./Sex/Age at Onset, y
Variable	1/M/38	2/M/37	3/F/31
Risk factor	Head trauma	Head trauma	Brain tumor
Seizure frequency per day	7	4	4
Social effect	Was in electronics, lost his job   and was incarcerated	Was a pilot, relocated to work   as a flight instructor	Was a cashier, lost her job   because of seizures
Aura	Fear	Laughing or whoopee noise	Sensation of freezing
Ictal seminologic findings	Starts with ictal cry and sudden   flexation of both elbows;   followed by bilateral violent   flailing movements in all   4 extremities, followed by a   short postictal period if any	Can occur out of wakefulness or   sleep and consist of sudden   rocking, flailing, sometimes   running and vocalization with   rapid recovery	Starts with hyperventilation,   then grabs forehead with left   hand, positioning of right arm   and leg, with jerky   movements of right arm   and leg
Seizure duration	Seconds	Seconds	Minutes
Behavioral changes	Agitation, aggression, and   paranoia; more pronounced   postictally; aggressive nature   and paranoid thinking   interictally	Motor aggression, poor   judgment, especially after a   cluster of spells; no   significant interictal   manifestations	None
Interictal EEG	Independent bifrontal sharp   waves during sleep	Normal	Normal except no deep sleep   was attained
Ictal EEG	Obscured by muscle artifact	Obscured by muscle artifact,   postictal delta wave slowing   maximal over the frontal   regions	Left frontocental slowing
MR imaging	Left anterocingulate   arteriovenous malformation   vs cavernoma	2 Cavernomas with hemorrhage   in the cingulate gyrus	Nonenhancing mass in the left   cingulate gyrus
Surgical procedure	Lesionectomy	Lesionectomy	Left cingulate and superofrontal   gyrus resection
Pathologic findings	Remote hemorrhage and   reactive astrocytosis	Reactive gliosis hemosiderin,   cavernous angioma	Infiltrating glioma
Seizure outcome	Seizure free in 3-mo follow-up;   2 seizures in 9-mo follow-up	Seizure free since 1998,   receiving no medications   since 2003	3–4/d Down to 1/mo after   therapy with tiagabine was   started; seizure free for 8 mo,   then recurrence then seizure   free for about 2 y
Behavioral outcome	Resolved	Resolved	Not applicable

Abbreviations: EEG, electroencephalogram; MR, magnetic resonance.