Table 4.
Hormones with renoprotective effects in AKI
| No | Name | Characteristics | Tested AKI model | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17β-estradiol | The primary female hormone | Ischemic AKI in mouse, rat |
activate PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway, suppress renal SNS |
| 2 | Relaxin | A hormone of insulin superfamily exists in ovary and breast of female or prostate and semen of male |
IRI in rats cisplatin-induced AKI in rat |
decrease plasma TNF-α levels and renal TNFR1 |
| 3 | Oxytocin | A neurohypophysial hormone stimulating uterine contraction during and after childbirth |
IRI in rats | decrease TNF-α and oxidative damage |
| 4 | AQGV | An oligopeptide related to the primary structure of beta-hCG |
IRI in mice | decrease TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 |
| 5 | Testosterone | A androgen hormone secreted primarily by testicles |
IRI in rats | attenuate the increase of urinary KIM-1and intrarenal TNF-α |
| 6 | α-MSH | Hormones causing increased pigmentation, named as Melanocortins |
ischemic AKI in mice and rats |
suppressneutrophil activation and infiltration |
| 7 | ACTH | septic AKI of cecal ligation puncture |
induce MC1R-mediated anti-apoptotic effect, |
|
| 8 | AP214 | an α-MSH analogue | septic AKI in mice, ischemic AKI in a porcine |
reduce NF-kB and splenocyte apoptosis |
| 9 | Melatonin | the physiological antagonist of α-MSH |
ischemic AKI in C57Bl/6N mice |
improve the migration and survival of eEPCs |
| 10 | Ghrelin | The hunger hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract |
IRI in rats | decrease kidney IL-6 and MPO activity, increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio |
| 11 | STC-1 | A hormone regulating renal calcium/phosphate homeostasis |
IRI in mice | activate AMPK induce UCP-2 of mitochondria |
| 12 | PACAP | A hypophysiotropic hormone similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide |
IRI in rats | prevent Bcl-2 decrease and apoptotic effects |
| 13 | Dexamethasone | An artificial synthetic of Glucocorticoid hormone |
septic AKI in C57BL/6 mice |
reduce MD with preserved COI |