Table 5.

Cytokines, growth factors and gene-interfered with renoprotective effects in AKI

No	Name	Characteristics	Tested AKI model	Mechanism
1	IL-10	cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor	Ischemic- and cisplatin- AKI in the mouse	reduce levels of TNF-α, ICAM-1, and iNOS
2	CXCR4 antagonist	Plerixafor, a small-molecule antagonist of CXCR4	IRI in rats	reduce chemokines CXCL1, CXCL5 and IL-6
3	TNF-α inhibition	Inhibitors of TNF-α production (GM6001, pentoxifylline), anti-TNF-α antibody, specific TNF-α knockout	cisplatin- AKI in Swiss-Webster mice	decrease levels of TNF-α, TGF-β, RANTES, MIP-2, MCP-1, and IL-1β
4	ICAM-1 inhibition	Specific ICAM-1 knockout, Anti-1CAm-1 antibody	IRI in mice IRI in rats	attenuate neutrophil endothelial interactions
5	CT-1	A member of IL-6 family and a potent pleiotropic cytokine	contrast-induced AKI in rats	prevent tubular desepithelization and obstruction
6	NGAL	A member of the lipocalin super family with diverse function	IRI in rats	inhibit activation of caspase-3 and expression of Bax
7	L-FABP	A member of intracellular lipid-binding proteins involved in the transportation of fatty acids	AA-induced AKI in mice	suppress the production of HEL, HO-1, and receptor for AGEs
8	sTM	A glycoprotein present on the membrane surface of endothelial cells in many organs, including lung, liver, and kidney.	IRI in rats	improve microvascular erythrocyte flow rates
9	COMP-Ang1	A soluble and potent Ang1 variant, act as the ligand for Tie2 tyrosine kinase receptor that is expressed on EC.	unilateral ureteral obstruction-induce d renal fibrosis	improve peritubular capillary and enhance renal tissue (re)perfusion
10	IGF	A hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin	IRI in rats cisplatin- RPTC cisplatin- or HgCl2- AKI in mice	ameliorate acute tubular necrosis; produce pro-survival factor IGF-1
11	MFG-E8	A protein involved in marking apoptotic cells for phagocytosis	IRI in C57BL/6 mice	suppress renal inflammation
12	EGF	A potent growth promoter to renal tubule cells, produced in large amounts in the kidney	HgCl2- AKI in mice	attenuate tubular necrosis
13	EGFR inhibitor	erlotinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can block EGFR activity	cisplatin- AKI in rats	decrease apoptosis and proliferation of tubular cells
14	HGF	A potent mitogen for parenchymal liver, epithelial and endothelial cells, as a ligand of MET oncoprotein	glycerol-, gentamicin- AKI in rats	attenuate tubulointerstitial injury, leukocyte infiltration and Th1 polarization
15	EPO	Glycoprotein produced by the kidney that regulats red blood cell production in the bone marrow	IR-, cisplatin- and contrast- AKI in mice or rats or pigs	inhibit apoptosis and promote cellular regeneration
16	G-CSF	Glycoprotein that stimulates bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells	glycerol- AKI In C57BL/6 mice	induction of HO-1
17	NF-κB Blockade	NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides; NF-κB inhibitor milrinone, resveratrol	IRI in rats or mice	decrease MCP-1 expression and monocyte infiltration
18	HIF-1	Ubiquitously expressed hypoxia-inducible transcription factor	IR- or cisplatin- in rats	ameliorate tubulointerstitial and vascular damage
19	HIF-2	Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor mainly expressed on endothelial cells	IRI in mice	protect from vascular damage and fibrosis
20	PKCδ knockdown	A member of PKC subfamily involved in cell apoptosis	cisplatin- AKI in mice, cisplatin-RPTCs	Activated MAPKs for apoptosis and tissue damage
21	OMA1 knockdown	a zinc metalloprotease located at mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial inner membrane disruption in cell stress	ATP-depleted RPTC, IRI in C57BL/6 mice	mediate OPA1 proteolysis and mitochondrial fragmentation
22	Dicer deletion	A key ribonuclease for microRNA production, Dicer deletion leads to a global downregulation of microRNAs	IRI in mice	depletion of the majority of microRNAs
23	miR-687, -24 blockade	endogenous, noncoding, small RNAs that regulate expression and function of genes	hypoxia-induced RPTC injury / apoptosis, IRI in mice	attenuate cell cycle activation and apoptosis
24	miR-127, -34a, -155, -126 blockade			ameliorate histologic tubular damage, apoptosis