Table 3 Summary of the findings on factors affecting health-damaging behaviors and mental health problems during pregnancy.

Health-damaging behaviors				Mental disorders
Nicotine consumption	Alcohol consumption	Malnutrition	Excessive weight gain/obesity	Depression	Anxiety disorder
Note: Figures in square brackets refer to the sources. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are indicated in bold.
Social factors
younger maternal age (aged less than 25 years) 32, 61, 62 lower socio-economic status/level of education/income 32, 35, 51, 56, 57, 58, 61, 65, 68 single 57, 61, 67 characteristics of relationship with intimate partner (lack of support by partner 37, relationship conflicts 54, violence 65) partner smokes 35	higher maternal age (aged more than 30 years) 36, 61, 63, 66 high level of education 60, 61 characteristics of relationship with intimate partner (partner is violent 65)	younger maternal age (aged less than 25 years) 78, 81, 84, 86, 87 immigrant background 77, 81, 86	inconsistent data with regard to age 71, 74, 80, 83 single 74, 77, 81, 86 lack of social support 39	inconsistent data with regard to age 45, 46, 48 single 46 characteristics of relationship with intimate partner (lack of support by partner 45, 46, 50, conflicts 50, violence 45, 47, 48) partner smokes/drinks 50 lack of social support 46 ,  48 ,  50 ]	young maternal age (aged less than 25 years) 49 single 46, 49 characteristics of relationship with intimate partner (lack of support by partner 45, 46, 50, conflicts 49, 50, violence 45, 47) lack of social support 46,  49 ,  50 ]
Psychological factors
prenatal depression/anxiety 51, 53, 54, 59, 68 stress/critical life events 54	experience of abuse/ill-treatment 36 stress/critical life events 52	prenatal depression/anxiety 38, 81, 87 stress/critical life events 38, 76	prenatal depression/anxiety 41,  42 ]	stress/critical life events 45,  48 ] experience of ill-treatment/abuse 44,  47 ] prior psychiatric disorder 45,  46 ,  49 ]	stress/critical life events 45 experience of ill-treatment/abuse 47 prior psychiatric disorder 45,  46 ,  49 ]
Health-related factors prior to the pregnancy
frequency and amount of nicotine consumption 35, 54, 65 consumption of drugs 62	frequency and amount of alcohol consumed 36, 55, 60, 66 consumption of drugs 63	overweight/obese 81, 84, 85	overweight/obese 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 83
Health-related factors during pregnancy
alcohol consumption 51, 58, 62	nicotine consumption 36, 55, 63, 64, 65	nicotine consumption 51, 67, 72, 74, 77, 79, 81, 86, 87 alcohol consumption 86, 87	nicotine consumption 72, 74 lack of exercise 69, 80, 83	nicotine consumption 45
Pregnancy-specific factors
high number of previous births (more than 2) 32, 35, 56, 57, 65, 67 unplanned pregnancy 51, 62, 67 inadequate prenatal care 32, 35, 61	high number of previous births (more than 2) 36, 61, 65 unplanned pregnancy 55, 60 pregnancy complications 51	high number of previous births (more than 2) 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86 unplanned pregnancy 86	no prior births 70, 72, 73, 75, 80	unintended pregnancy 43,  45 ,  46 ] previous pregnancy complications/pregnancy loss 45	unintended pregnancy 45,  46 ,  49 ] previous pregnancy complications/pregnancy loss 45,  49 ]