Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Controls and Peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients, with and without type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
| Control n = 11 |
PAD all n = 34 |
P value | PAD only n = 11 |
PAD-DM n = 23 |
P value PAD vs PAD-DM |
PAD-NIDDM n = 11 |
PAD-IDDM n = 12 |
P value NIDDM vs IDDM |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 63 ± 3 | 64 ± 7 | 0.322 | 66 ± 6 | 63 ± 7 | 0.243 | 64 ± 7 | 63 ± 7 | 0.781 |
| Gender,%male (n) | 64 (7) | 64 (21) | 0.949 | 64 (7) | 61 (14) | 0,616 | 55 (6) | 67 (8) | 0.735 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 26 ± 2 | 29 ± 4 | <0.001 | 29 ± 4 | 29 ± 4 | 0,752 | 30 ± 5 | 29 ± 3 | 0.640 |
| Smoking, % active | 25 (3) | 46 (15) | <0.001 | 50 (5) | 44 (10) | 0.912 | 45 (5) | 35 (6) | 0.692 |
| SBP | 136 ± 6 | 155 ± 19 | <0.001 | 151 ± 16 | 156 ± 21 | 0.436 | 151 ± 19 | 161 ± 22 | 0.281 |
| DBP | 81 ± 4 | 81 ± 10 | 0.886 | 82 ± 11 | 81 ± 9 | 0.785 | 82 ± 6 | 80 ± 11 | 0.526 |
| TotChol, mmol/L | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 0.097 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.807 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 0.109 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.952 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.116 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.144 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.102 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.1 [0.7–1.5] | 1.3 [0.9–2.0] | 0.196 | 1.1 [0.8–2.1] | 1.3 [1.0–2.1] | 0.384 | 1.2 [1.1–1.6] | 1.6 [0.9–2.6] | 0.525 |
| CRP, mg/dl | 1.3 [0.9–2.1] | 2.6 [1.4–5.7] | 0.038 | 1.8 [1.4–2.7] | 2.9 [1.4–6.4] | 0.144 | 2.9 [1.9–8.1] | 2.9 [0.7–6.2] | 0.525 |
| Leucocytes, 109/L | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 0.083 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 7.7 ± 2.6 | 0.370 | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 0.624 |
| Diabetes | n/a | n/a | n/a | No | Yes | n/a | Yes | Yes | n/a |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 8.9 ± 3.2 | 0.102 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | n/a | n/a | n/a | 89 [49–175] | 103 [67–178] | 0.464 | 85 [60–140] | 174 [78–300] | 0.122 |
| Hba1C | |||||||||
| mmol/mol | n/a | n/a | n/a | 41 [38–49] | 57 [48–82] | <0.001 | 49 [43–57] | 78 [57–85] | 0.006 |
| % | n/a | n/a | n/a | 5.9 [5.6–6.6] | 7.4 [6.5–9.7] | 6.6 [6.1–7.4] | 9.3 [7.4–9.9] | ||
| c-peptide, mmol/L | n/a | n/a | n/a | 560 [420–970] | 670 [550–880] | 0.621 | 800 [660–1110] | 565 [355–790] | 0.032 |
| HOMA-IR | n/a | n/a | n/a | 2.3 [1.3–6.0] | 5.1 [3.0–10.4] | 0.032 | 3.2 [2.9–5.4] | 9.8 [5.0–16] | 0.038 |
Values are % (n), mean ± SD or median [IQR,] for skewed data. PAD indicates Peripheral artery disease. DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus). NIDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, SDP diastolic blood pressure, TotChol total cholesterol, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, TG triglycerides, CRP c-reactive protein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model of insulin resistance