Table 3.

Change in adherence to physical activity by condition for participants with barriers to increasing physical activity; Chicago, Illinois.

Barrier	3-way interactiona		Slope estimatesb						Slope contrastsc
			AC		PC		G		AC-G		PC-G		AC-PC
	F	p	Est	SE	Est	SE	Est	SE	d	p	d	p	d	p
MVPA (min/week)
Demographic
Children in household	1.48	0.229	81.09	32.37	96.40	31.41	183.36	34.01	− 0.47	0.030	− 0.40	0.061	− 0.07	0.735
Employed	0.94	0.394	97.63	24.01	82.60	21.73	109.84	23.42	− 0.06	0.716	− 0.13	0.395	0.07	0.643
Number of hardships	0.47	0.628	74.37	37.48	54.50	47.41	144.71	44.53	− 0.32	0.228	− 0.42	0.167	0.09	0.743
Physical health
General health	0.58	0.561	112.50	55.87	76.61	49.52	65.83	61.76	0.22	0.576	0.05	0.892	0.17	0.631
Pain	0.41	0.665	85.50	37.16	48.87	33.37	91.44	36.44	− 0.03	0.909	− 0.20	0.390	0.17	0.464
BMI	0.34	0.712	48.16	42.37	58.82	42.37	126.43	40.30	− 0.36	0.182	− 0.31	0.249	− 0.05	0.859
Psychological health
Depression	0.14	0.868	96.14	55.77	76.41	46.25	154.04	51.30	− 0.27	0.446	− 0.36	0.262	0.09	0.786
Neighborhood characteristics
Perceived walkability	0.04	0.960	81.18	44.82	56.88	37.72	101.09	38.54	− 0.09	0.737	− 0.20	0.413	0.11	0.679
Assault/battery rate	0.07	0.933	75.28	35.58	75.63	37.94	130.15	45.08	− 0.25	0.340	− 0.25	0.356	0.00	0.995
Perceived barriers to PA
Perceived barriers for PA	2.34	0.099	138.95	35.96	63.75	42.61	94.06	36.91	0.21	0.385	− 0.14	0.591	0.35	0.179
Social support
Support from family	1.07	0.345	42.14	35.55	97.02	32.74	130.74	29.97	− 0.41	0.058	− 0.16	0.448	− 0.25	0.257
Support from friends	0.27	0.765	83.78	35.68	67.25	32.75	92.07	33.31	− 0.04	0.865	− 0.11	0.596	0.08	0.733
Leisure time MVPA (min/week)
Demographic
Children in household	1.25	0.289	86.95	27.83	83.60	27.00	152.84	29.23	− 0.38	0.104	− 0.40	0.083	0.02	0.931
Employed	1.24	0.290	92.29	20.59	80.00	18.64	89.03	20.09	0.02	0.910	− 0.05	0.742	0.07	0.659
Number of hardships	0.45	0.639	81.88	32.49	34.00	41.10	105.00	38.61	− 0.13	0.647	− 0.41	0.209	0.27	0.362
Physical health
General health	0.16	0.855	92.73	48.08	71.25	42.62	72.50	53.15	0.12	0.778	− 0.01	0.985	0.12	0.738
Pain	0.17	0.840	76.50	31.97	49.84	28.71	94.90	31.35	− 0.11	0.681	− 0.26	0.290	0.15	0.535
BMI	0.17	0.844	67.11	36.44	54.47	36.44	104.64	34.66	− 0.22	0.456	− 0.29	0.319	0.07	0.807
Psychological health
Depression	1.17	0.312	69.55	47.66	66.56	39.52	165.58	43.84	− 0.55	0.139	− 0.57	0.095	0.02	0.962
Neighborhood characteristics
Perceived walkability	0.05	0.953	56.91	38.54	56.56	32.44	83.48	33.13	− 0.15	0.602	− 0.15	0.562	0.00	0.994
Assault/battery rate	0.03	0.966	67.61	30.51	65.94	32.53	84.71	38.65	− 0.10	0.729	− 0.11	0.711	0.01	0.970
Perceived barriers to PA
Perceived barriers for PA	1.49	0.228	110.95	30.80	63.33	36.50	69.38	31.61	0.24	0.347	− 0.03	0.901	0.27	0.320
Social support
Support from family	0.81	0.448	46.80	30.39	80.81	27.98	102.77	25.61	− 0.32	0.160	− 0.13	0.563	− 0.20	0.411
Support from friends	0.05	0.952	68.58	30.40	49.25	27.90	78.88	28.38	− 0.06	0.805	− 0.17	0.457	0.11	0.640
Walking (min/week)
Demographic
Children in household	0.52	0.593	100.55	30.94	133.46	30.01	126.98	32.50	− 0.13	0.556	0.03	0.884	− 0.16	0.446
Employed	1.41	0.246	102.08	22.76	119.79	20.60	102.22	22.20	0.00	0.996	0.09	0.562	− 0.09	0.564
Number of hardships	0.72	0.486	92.19	35.53	109.00	44.95	45.44	42.22	0.23	0.398	0.31	0.304	− 0.08	0.769
Physical health
General health	1.35	0.261	154.77	52.66	203.04	46.68	97.50	58.22	0.28	0.466	0.52	0.158	− 0.24	0.493
Pain	1.56	0.212	120.90	35.19	128.95	31.6	66.35	34.51	0.27	0.269	0.31	0.182	− 0.04	0.865
BMI	0.48	0.618	110.53	40.06	158.68	40.06	140.00	38.11	− 0.14	0.594	0.09	0.736	− 0.24	0.396
Psychological health
Depression	1.55	0.215	41.59	52.67	129.84	43.67	154.62	48.45	− 0.55	0.115	− 0.12	0.704	− 0.43	0.198
Neighborhood characteristics
Perceived walkability	0.35	0.702	54.71	42.42	87.5	35.70	55.11	36.47	0.00	0.994	0.16	0.526	− 0.16	0.555
Assault/battery rate	0.03	0.970	88.61	33.58	100.00	35.80	96.62	42.54	− 0.04	0.883	0.02	0.952	− 0.06	0.817
Perceived barriers to PA
Perceived barriers for PA	0.33	0.719	119.37	34.58	157.08	40.98	124.69	35.49	− 0.03	0.915	0.16	0.551	− 0.18	0.483
Social support
Support from family	0.30	0.744	93.30	34.14	109.11	31.43	124.46	28.77	− 0.15	0.486	− 0.07	0.719	− 0.08	0.733
Support from friends	0.34	0.714	117.48	34.66	99.25	31.81	84.57	32.35	0.16	0.488	0.07	0.747	0.09	0.699
Accelerometer steps (steps/day)
Demographic
Children in household	1.05	0.354	159.3	272.3	790.1	243.6	− 54.7	305.6	0.09	0.602	0.37	0.032	− 0.28	0.086
Employed	0.84	0.432	339.8	185.7	545.2	165.7	38.6	184.5	0.13	0.251	0.22	0.043	− 0.09	0.410
Number of hardships	3.37	0.037	− 199.9	286.5	1149.2	357.6	105.1	348.0	− 0.13	0.500	0.46	0.038	− 0.59	0.004
Physical health
General health	2.42	0.092	− 822.1	433.8	683.0	357.8	− 153.3	521.5	− 0.29	0.326	0.37	0.188	− 0.66	0.008
Pain	0.08	0.924	115.4	269.4	567.6	273.4	113.2	292.6	0.00	0.996	0.20	0.258	− 0.20	0.240
BMI	0.21	0.807	81.4	302.5	239.7	351.3	109.0	339.6	− 0.01	0.952	0.06	0.789	− 0.07	0.733
Psychological health
Depression	4.96	0.008	1083.5	383.1	760.6	360.4	− 573.3	375.8	0.73	0.002	0.59	0.011	0.14	0.540
Neighborhood characteristics
Perceived walkability	0.26	0.773	− 155.8	329.4	391.5	309.1	14.2	297.7	− 0.07	0.702	0.17	0.381	− 0.24	0.227
Assault/battery rate	2.46	0.088	828.2	271.7	755.8	279.0	− 88.7	340.6	0.40	0.037	0.37	0.057	0.03	0.853
Perceived barriers to PA
Perceived barriers for PA	2.65	0.073	− 24.9	274.6	1153.7	332.8	7.0	290.8	− 0.01	0.937	0.51	0.010	− 0.52	0.007
Social support
Support from family	0.37	0.690	386.4	261.6	499.0	243.4	212.6	237.3	0.08	0.623	0.13	0.401	− 0.05	0.753
Support from friends	0.51	0.603	405.8	277.8	636.3	249.0	54.4	283.7	0.15	0.377	0.26	0.125	− 0.10	0.538
Aerobic fitness (steps/2 min)
Demographic
Children in household	0.24	0.783	2.97	1.70	5.21	1.66	3.06	1.78	− 0.01	0.970	0.13	0.378	− 0.14	0.346
Employed	0.36	0.698	2.96	1.23	3.90	1.15	3.19	1.19	− 0.01	0.893	0.04	0.666	− 0.06	0.575
Number of hardships	4.00	0.020	1.56	1.94	8.75	2.50	− 0.97	2.38	0.16	0.411	0.61	0.005	− 0.45	0.024
Physical Health
General health	1.93	0.147	5.40	2.90	8.54	2.64	0.21	3.23	0.32	0.233	0.52	0.047	− 0.20	0.425
Pain	3.50	0.032	6.66	1.95	3.29	1.75	1.11	1.87	0.35	0.041	0.14	0.394	0.21	0.201
BMI	2.62	0.075	7.49	2.21	2.94	2.32	2.92	2.06	0.29	0.132	0.00	0.993	0.28	0.158
Psychological health
Depression	0.02	0.976	4.05	3.04	4.74	2.46	3.77	2.60	0.02	0.944	0.06	0.786	− 0.04	0.860
Neighborhood characteristics
Perceived walkability	0.06	0.942	3.49	2.33	5.11	2.05	4.85	2.02	− 0.09	0.659	0.02	0.929	− 0.10	0.603
Assault/battery rate	0.87	0.420	3.05	1.85	7.38	1.96	3.86	2.36	− 0.05	0.787	0.22	0.253	− 0.27	0.109
Perceived barriers to PA
Perceived barriers for PA	0.46	0.634	2.64	1.86	4.49	2.40	1.50	1.99	0.07	0.676	0.19	0.338	− 0.12	0.541
Social support
Support from family	1.62	0.199	0.41	1.84	5.50	1.73	3.88	1.57	− 0.22	0.154	0.10	0.488	− 0.32	0.045
Support from friends	1.22	0.298	3.52	1.86	7.26	1.77	3.60	1.82	0.00	0.976	0.23	0.151	− 0.23	0.147

Notes:

^aThe overall test of the three-way interaction of barrier × condition × time. Slope contrasts were not interpreted unless the three-way interaction was significant at p < 0.10.

^bThe slopes estimates represent the coefficient for linear change over time (per assessment) among participants who were coded positive for each obstacle to adherence to physical activity.

^cThe contrasts are presented in units of standardized mean differences in rates of change (effect size d). Effect sizes were estimated using pooled standard deviations of the baseline outcome measures.