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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 May 27;100:94–107. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.022

Figure 6. Autophagy is regulated by epigenetics, protein O-GlcNAcylation, circadian clock, and cellular redox status.

Figure 6

Histone deacetylases have been shown to participate in autophagy regulation although whether their activities in the nucleus or the cytosol are important for autophagy regulation is still being investigated. HDAC6 recruits an actin-remodeling machinery, and stimulates autophagosome-lysosome fusion and substrate degradation. P62 interaction with HDAC6 regulates its activity. Inhibition or disruption of HDAC1 leads to the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. Methylation of ATG16L2, ULK2, LC3A, BNIP3, and GABARAPL1 is associated with their downregulation. In addition, transcription regulation of p62 by antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, and regulation of ATG14, ULK1, BNIP3, GABARAPL1, and LC3 by clock and BMAL1 have been demonstrated. Post-translational regulation of SNAP29 by O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to attenuate autophagosome-lysosome fusion.