Table 2.
Characteristics of study population by survival or death
| Death (n = 324) | Alive (n = 579) | P value | HR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 23 | 16 | 0.0085 | 1.48 (1.14-1.92) | 0.0028 |
| Demographics and physical examination | |||||
| Age (yr) | 71 ± 10 | 66 ± 12 | < 0.0001 | 1.05 (1.04-1.06) | < 0.0001 |
| Male gender (%) | 25 | 29 | < 0.0001 | 2.4 (1.85-3.07) | < 0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg, 10) | 127 ± 19 | 130 ± 19 | 0.0238 | 0.93 (0.88-0.99) | 0.0228 |
| DBP (mmHg, 10) | 72 ± 10 | 76 ± 10 | < 0.0001 | 0.76 (0.67-0.85) | < 0.0001 |
| NYHA II-III (%) | 60 | 40 | < 0.0001 | 1.7 (1.35-2.10) | < 0.0001 |
| Aetiology | |||||
| CAD (%) | 51 | 46 | 0.18 | ||
| Previous CABG/PCI (%) | 33 | 35 | 0.57 | ||
| Without CAD (%) | 17 | 27 | 0.0002 | 0.53 (0.4-0.71) | < 0.0001 |
| Others/idiopathic | 32 | 26 | 0.049 | 1.29 (1.02-1.63) | 0.0302 |
| Valve surgery (%) | 5 | 6 | 0.57 | ||
| Device | |||||
| Any PM (%) | 28 | 17 | 0.0003 | 1.64 (1.29-2.1) | < 0.0001 |
| CRT-P/CRT-D (%) | 8 | 7 | 0.32 | ||
| ICD (%) | 20 | 13 | 0.0027 | 1.45 (1.1-1.9) | 0.0074 |
| Any device (%) | 29 | 19 | 0.0006 | 1.57 (1.23-2.00) | 0.0002 |
| History of VT (%) | 7 | 4 | 0.0258 | 1.53 (1.01-2.32) | 0.0439 |
| Risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension (%) | 58 | 61 | 0.2619 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 32 | 24 | 0.0053 | 1.72 (1.36-2.17) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 27 | 39 | 0.0003 | 0.68 (0.53-0.87) | 0.0023 |
| Ever smoke (%) | 32 | 41 | 0.0055 | 0.92 (0.72-1.16) | 0.4668 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Cancer history (%) | 14 | 8 | 0.0044 | 1.89 (1.37-2.60) | < 0.0001 |
| COPD (%) | 18 | 10 | 0.0006 | 1.84 (1.4-2.40) | < 0.0001 |
| Anaemia (%) | 11 | 8 | 0.0521 | 2.22 (1.57-3.13) | < 0.0001 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60) (%) | 10 | 6 | 0.0551 | 2.807 (1.85-4.25) | < 0.0001 |
| ECG | |||||
| Heart rate (bpm, 10) | 72 ± 15 | 70 ± 15 | 0.1026 | 1.06 (0.99-1.14) | 0.0805 |
| PM stimulation (%) | 14 | 9 | 0.0438 | 1.56 (1.14-2.14) | 0.0057 |
| Right bundle branch block (%) | 7 | 5 | 0.0866 | 1.38 (0.9-2.1) | 0.1321 |
| Left bundle branch block (%) | 12 | 16 | 0.0761 | 0.75 (0.53-1.05) | 0.0958 |
| Echocardiogram | |||||
| Preserved LVEF (> 45%) (%) | 19 | 24 | 0.0560 | 0.74 (0.56-0.98) | 0.0345 |
| LVEF (%) | 34 ± 12 | 36 ± 11 | 0.0015 | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | 0.0008 |
| Medications | |||||
| Beta-blockers (%) | 72 | 82 | 0.0003 | 0.67 (0.53-0.85) | 0.0012 |
| ACEi/ARB (%) | 75 | 79 | 0.0994 | 0.69 (0.53-0.88) | 0.0032 |
| Beta-blockers and ACEi/ARB (%) | 32 | 68 | 0.003 | 0.66 (0.53-0.83) | 0.0002 |
| Aldosterone blockers (%) | 45 | 35 | 0.0033 | 1.57 (1.26-1.95) | < 0.0001 |
| Diuretics (%) | 82 | 67 | < 0.0001 | 2.50 (1.87-3.31) | < 0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 14 | 11 | 0.1588 | ||
| Alfa-blockers (%) | 8 | 7 | 0.8049 | ||
| Digoxin (%) | 26 | 14 | < 0.0001 | 1.60 (1.25-2.05) | 0.0002 |
| Statin (%) | 39 | 48 | 0.0088 | 0.80 (0.64-1.00) | 0.0513 |
| Amiodarone (%) | 12 | 12 | 0.8421 | ||
| Antithrombotic treatment (%) | 56 | 54 | 0.5669 | ||
| OAT (%) | 31 | 27 | 0.2374 | ||
| DAPT (%) | 10 | 15 | 0.0282 | 0.89 (0.62-1.29) | 0.5394 |
| OAT and antithrombotic (%) | 3 | 4 | 0.4946 | ||
| Antithrombotic only (%) | 53 | 50 | 0.4149 | ||
SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; PM: Pacemaker; CRT-P/D: Cardiac resynchronization therapy pacing/defibrillator; ICD: Internal cardioverter defibrillator; VT: Ventricular tachycardia; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (obtained by CKD-EPI formula); LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEi: ACE inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers; OAT: Oral anticoagulant treatment; DAPT: Dual anti-platelet therapy.