Table 2.
RS Interventions and Biomarker Outcomes in Breast Cancer Survivors.
| Study Number (See Table 3) | RS Intervention | Biomarker Outcomes (↓, ↑, or Stable)a |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | Yoga | ↓ Interleukin (IL)-1 |
| 7, 20 | GI, Yoga | ↓ IL-1β |
| 3, 6 | GI, CBSM | ↑ (IL)-2 |
| 2, 17 | MBSR | ↓ IL-4 |
| 6 | CBSM | ↑ IL-4 |
| 2, 20 | MBSR, Yoga | ↓ IL-6 |
| 2 | MBSR | ↓ IL-10 |
| 2, 3, 7 | GI, MBSR | ↑Natural killer (NK) cell activity |
| 4 | Yoga | ↓ Immunoglobulin A (IgA) |
| 4 | Yoga | ↑ CD56 % |
| 2, 5, 6, 8, 9b, 11, 14, 19 | BMS, CBSM, MBCR, MBSR,Yoga | ↓ Cortisol |
| 1, 12, 15, 18 | MBSR, Qigong, RVT, Yoga | Stable or no change in cortisol |
| 18, 20 | Yoga | Stable or ↓ tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) |
| 9, 13 | MBSR | ↓ Blood pressure |
| 9 | MBSR | ↓ Pulse |
| 9 | MBSR | ↓ Respirations |
| 2, 6, 10, 17 | CBSM, MBSR | ↑ Lymphocyte subsets; T cells, Th1/Th2 |
| 7, 17 | GI, MBSR | ↑ CD4+/CD8+ |
| 2, 6, 17 | CBSM, MBSR | ↑ Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) |
| 21, 22 | MBSR | Stable (preserved) telomere length |
| 17 | MBSR | Stable/no change in CD4+ T lymphocytes |
| 17 | MBSR | Stable/no change CD3+ subsets (T1/T2) |
Abbreviations: RS, religious and spiritual; GI, guided imagery; CBSM, cognitive-based stress management; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; BMS, body-mind-spirit; RVT, relaxation/visualization therapy; MBCR, mindfulness-based cancer recovery.
a
↓ indicates decreased and ↑ indicates increased.
b
Decreased cortisol not sustained at 1 month follow-up.